(On September 5, 1987, the 22nd meeting of the 6th the NPC Standing Committee passed the first amendment on April 29, 2000 and the 15th meeting of the 9th the NPC Standing Committee on August 29, 2015 according to the Decision on Amending the Law on Prevention and Control of Air Pollution in People’s Republic of China (PRC) of the 15th meeting of the 8th the NPC Standing Committee on August 29, 1995. The second revision of the 16th session of the 2nd the NPC Standing Committee was based on the Decision on Amending the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on the Protection of Wild Animals and other 15 laws of the 6th session of the 13th the NPC Standing Committee on October 26th, 2018).

Catalogue

        Chapter I General Principles

        Chapter II Standards for Prevention and Control of Air Pollution and Planning for Reaching the Standards within a Time Limit

        Chapter III Supervision and Administration of Air Pollution Prevention and Control

        Chapter IV Measures for the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution

        Section 1 Prevention and Control of Coal Burning and Other Energy Pollution

        Section 2 Prevention and Control of Industrial Pollution

        Section 3 Prevention and Control of Pollution from Motor Vehicles and Ships

        The fourth quarter dust pollution prevention and control

        Section 5 Prevention and Control of Agriculture and Other Pollution

        Chapter V Joint Prevention and Control of Air Pollution in Key Areas

        Chapter VI Response to Heavy Pollution Weather

        Chapter VII Legal Liability

        Chapter VIII Supplementary Provisions

Chapter I General Principles

       the first　This Law is formulated for the purpose of protecting and improving the environment, preventing and controlling air pollution, safeguarding public health, promoting the construction of ecological civilization and promoting the sustainable development of economy and society.

       the second　To prevent and control air pollution, we should aim at improving the quality of the atmospheric environment, adhere to source control, plan first, change the mode of economic development, optimize the industrial structure and layout, and adjust the energy structure.

        To prevent and control air pollution, we should strengthen the comprehensive prevention and control of air pollution such as coal burning, industry, motor vehicles and ships, dust and agriculture, carry out joint prevention and control of regional air pollution, and implement coordinated control of atmospheric pollutants such as particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds and ammonia and greenhouse gases.

       Article　The people’s governments at or above the county level shall incorporate the prevention and control of air pollution into the national economic and social development plan, and increase financial investment in the prevention and control of air pollution.

        Local people’s governments at various levels shall be responsible for the atmospheric environmental quality in their respective administrative areas, formulate plans and take measures to control or gradually reduce the emission of atmospheric pollutants, so that the atmospheric environmental quality can meet the prescribed standards and gradually improve.

       Article 4　The competent department of ecological environment of the State Council, together with the relevant departments of the State Council, shall, in accordance with the provisions of the State Council, assess the completion of the objectives of improving atmospheric environmental quality and the key tasks of air pollution prevention and control in provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government. The people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall formulate assessment methods to assess the completion of local atmospheric environmental quality improvement targets and key tasks of air pollution prevention and control within their respective administrative areas. The assessment results shall be made public to the public.

       Article 5　The competent department of ecological environment of the people’s government at or above the county level shall exercise unified supervision and management over the prevention and control of air pollution.

        Other relevant departments of the people’s governments at or above the county level shall supervise and manage the prevention and control of air pollution within their respective functions and duties.

       Article 6　The state encourages and supports scientific and technological research on the prevention and control of air pollution, carries out analysis on the sources and changing trends of air pollution, popularizes advanced and applicable air pollution prevention technologies and equipment, promotes the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, and gives full play to the supporting role of science and technology in the prevention and control of air pollution.

       Article 7　Enterprises, institutions and other producers and operators shall take effective measures to prevent and reduce air pollution, and shall be liable for the damage caused according to law.

        Citizens should enhance their awareness of atmospheric environmental protection, adopt a low-carbon and frugal lifestyle, and consciously fulfill their obligations of atmospheric environmental protection.

Chapter II Standards for Prevention and Control of Air Pollution and Planning for Reaching the Standards within a Time Limit

       Article 8　The competent department of ecological environment in the State Council or the people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall formulate atmospheric environmental quality standards with the aim of safeguarding public health and protecting the ecological environment, which is suitable for economic and social development and scientific and reasonable.

       Article 9　The competent department of ecological environment in the State Council or the people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall formulate standards for the discharge of atmospheric pollutants on the basis of the quality standards of atmospheric environment and the economic and technological conditions of the country.

       Article 10　The formulation of atmospheric environmental quality standards and air pollutant emission standards shall organize experts to review and demonstrate, and solicit opinions from relevant departments, industry associations, enterprises and institutions and the public.

       Article 11　The competent department of ecological environment of the people’s government at or above the provincial level shall publish the atmospheric environmental quality standards and the emission standards of atmospheric pollutants on its website for the public to consult and download for free.

       Article 12　The implementation of atmospheric environmental quality standards and air pollutant emission standards shall be evaluated regularly, and the standards shall be revised in a timely manner according to the evaluation results.

       Article 13　To formulate quality standards for products containing volatile organic compounds such as coal, petroleum coke, biomass fuel, coatings, fireworks and boilers, the requirements for atmospheric environmental protection should be clarified.

        The formulation of fuel quality standards shall conform to the national air pollutant control requirements, and be linked with the national air pollutant emission standards for motor vehicles, ships and non-road mobile machinery, and implemented simultaneously.

        The non-road mobile machinery mentioned in the preceding paragraph refers to mobile machinery and transportable industrial equipment equipped with engines.

       Article 14　The people’s governments of cities that fail to meet the national standards for atmospheric environmental quality shall promptly prepare plans for reaching the standards within a time limit, and take measures to reach the standards within the time limit set by the people’s governments of the State Council or at the provincial level.

        The opinions of relevant trade associations, enterprises and institutions, experts and the public shall be sought in the preparation of the plan for meeting the standards of urban atmospheric environmental quality within a time limit.

       Article 15　Urban atmospheric environmental quality planning should be made public within a time limit. The plans for reaching the standard of atmospheric environmental quality within a time limit for municipalities directly under the central government and cities divided into districts shall be reported to the competent department of ecological environment of the State Council for the record.

       Article 16　When the people’s government of a city reports to the people’s congress at the corresponding level or its standing committee on the environmental conditions and the completion of environmental protection objectives every year, it shall report on the implementation of the plan for reaching the standard of atmospheric environmental quality within a time limit and make it public.

       Article 17　The plan for reaching the standard of urban atmospheric environmental quality within a time limit shall be evaluated and revised in a timely manner according to the requirements of air pollution prevention and control and the economic and technical conditions.

Chapter III Supervision and Administration of Air Pollution Prevention and Control

       Article 18　Enterprises, institutions and other producers and operators shall conduct environmental impact assessment and disclose environmental impact assessment documents in accordance with the law when building projects that have an impact on the atmospheric environment; Those who discharge pollutants into the atmosphere shall conform to the standards for the discharge of atmospheric pollutants and comply with the requirements for the control of the total discharge of key atmospheric pollutants.

       Article 19　Enterprises and institutions that discharge industrial waste gas or toxic and harmful air pollutants listed in the catalogue as stipulated in Article 78 of this Law, coal-fired heat source production and operation units of central heating facilities and other units that carry out pollution discharge permit management according to law shall obtain pollution discharge permits. The specific measures and implementation steps of pollutant discharge permit shall be stipulated by the State Council.

       Article 20　Enterprises, institutions and other producers and operators who discharge pollutants into the atmosphere shall set up air pollutant discharge outlets in accordance with laws and regulations and the provisions of the competent department of ecological environment of the State Council.

        It is forbidden to discharge atmospheric pollutants by evading supervision by stealing, tampering with or forging monitoring data, temporarily stopping production for the purpose of evading on-site inspection, opening emergency discharge channels in non-emergency situations, and abnormally operating air pollution prevention and control facilities.

       Article 21　The state exercises total control over the discharge of key air pollutants.

        The total emission control targets of key air pollutants shall be submitted to the State Council for approval and issued for implementation by the competent department of ecology and environment of the State Council after consulting the relevant departments of the State Council and the people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government, together with the comprehensive economic department of the State Council.

        The people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall control or reduce the total emission of key air pollutants in their respective administrative areas in accordance with the total emission control targets issued by the State Council.

        The specific measures for determining the total control target and decomposing the total control index shall be formulated by the competent department of ecological environment of the State Council in conjunction with the relevant departments of the State Council. The people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government may, according to the needs of the prevention and control of air pollution in their respective administrative areas, exercise total control over the discharge of other air pollutants other than national key air pollutants.

        The state gradually promotes the trading of emission rights of key air pollutants.

       Article 22　For areas that exceed the national total emission control index of key air pollutants or fail to meet the national goal of improving the atmospheric environmental quality, the competent department of ecological environment of the people’s government at or above the provincial level shall, jointly with relevant departments, interview the main person in charge of the people’s government in the area, and suspend the examination and approval of the environmental impact assessment documents of the construction projects that add the total emission of key air pollutants in the area. The interview should be made public.

       Article 23　The competent department of ecological environment in the State Council is responsible for formulating the monitoring and evaluation standards for atmospheric environmental quality and air pollution sources, organizing the construction and management of the national monitoring network for atmospheric environmental quality and air pollution sources, organizing the monitoring of atmospheric environmental quality and air pollution sources, and uniformly releasing information on the national atmospheric environmental quality.

        The competent department of ecological environment of the local people’s governments at or above the county level shall be responsible for organizing the construction and management of the monitoring network of atmospheric environmental quality and atmospheric pollution sources in their respective administrative areas, carrying out monitoring of atmospheric environmental quality and atmospheric pollution sources, and uniformly releasing information on atmospheric environmental quality in their respective administrative areas.

       Article 24　Enterprises, institutions and other producers and operators shall, in accordance with the relevant state regulations and monitoring norms, monitor the industrial waste gas discharged by them and the toxic and harmful atmospheric pollutants listed in the catalogue stipulated in Article 78 of this Law, and keep the original monitoring records. Among them, key pollutant discharge units should install and use automatic monitoring equipment for air pollutant discharge, and connect with the monitoring equipment of the competent department of ecological environment to ensure the normal operation of the monitoring equipment and disclose the discharge information according to law. The specific measures for monitoring and the conditions of key pollutant discharge units shall be stipulated by the competent department of ecological environment of the State Council.

        The list of key pollutant discharge units shall be determined by the competent department of ecological environment of the local people’s government at or above the municipal level in accordance with the provisions of the competent department of ecological environment of the State Council, according to the requirements of the atmospheric environmental carrying capacity of the administrative region, the total emission control index of key atmospheric pollutants, and the types, quantities and concentrations of atmospheric pollutants discharged by pollutant discharge units, and shall be determined in consultation with relevant departments and announced to the public.

       Article 25　Key pollutant discharge units shall be responsible for the authenticity and accuracy of automatic monitoring data. The competent department of ecological environment shall promptly investigate the abnormal transmission data of the automatic monitoring equipment for air pollutant emission of key pollutant discharge units.

       Article 26　It is forbidden to occupy, damage or move or change the atmospheric environmental quality monitoring facilities and automatic monitoring equipment for atmospheric pollutant discharge without authorization.

       Article 27　The state implements the elimination system for processes, equipment and products that seriously pollute the atmospheric environment.

        The comprehensive economic department of the State Council shall, jointly with relevant departments of the State Council, determine the elimination period of technologies, equipment and products that seriously pollute the atmospheric environment, and incorporate them into the catalogue of national comprehensive industrial policies.

        Producers, importers, sellers or users shall stop producing, importing, selling or using the equipment and products listed in the catalogue specified in the preceding paragraph within the prescribed time limit. The user of the process shall stop using the process listed in the catalogue specified in the preceding paragraph within the prescribed time limit.

        Eliminated equipment and products shall not be transferred to others for use.

       Article 28　The competent department of ecological environment in the State Council shall, jointly with relevant departments, establish and improve the air pollution damage assessment system.

       Article 29　The competent department of ecological environment and its environmental law enforcement agencies and other departments responsible for the supervision and management of atmospheric environmental protection have the right to supervise and inspect enterprises, institutions and other producers and operators that discharge atmospheric pollutants through on-site inspection and monitoring, automatic monitoring, remote sensing monitoring and far-infrared camera shooting. The inspected shall truthfully report the situation and provide necessary information. The departments, institutions and their staff who carry out the inspection shall keep business secrets for the inspected.

       Article 30　Where enterprises, institutions and other producers and operators discharge atmospheric pollutants in violation of laws and regulations, causing or likely to cause serious air pollution, or relevant evidence may be lost or concealed, the competent department of ecological environment of the people’s government at or above the county level and other departments responsible for the supervision and management of atmospheric environmental protection may take administrative compulsory measures such as sealing up and detaining relevant facilities, equipment and articles.

       Article 31　The competent department of ecological environment and other departments responsible for the supervision and management of atmospheric environmental protection shall publish the telephone number and e-mail address of the report to facilitate the public to report.

        The competent department of ecological environment and other departments responsible for the supervision and management of atmospheric environmental protection shall handle the report in time and keep the relevant information of the informant confidential; If the real name is reported, the results should be fed back. If it is verified, the results will be disclosed to the public according to law, and the whistleblower will be rewarded.

        Where an informer reports to his unit, the unit shall not take revenge on the informer by dissolving or changing the labor contract or by other means.

Chapter IV Measures for the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution

Section 1 Prevention and Control of Coal Burning and Other Energy Pollution

　　Article 32　Relevant departments of the State Council and local people’s governments at all levels should take measures to adjust the energy structure and promote the production and use of clean energy; Optimize the use of coal, promote the clean and efficient use of coal, gradually reduce the proportion of coal in primary energy consumption, and reduce the emission of air pollutants in the process of coal production, use and transformation.

       Article 33　The state promotes coal washing and processing, reduces the sulfur content and ash content of coal, and restricts the mining of coal with high sulfur content and ash content. Newly-built coal mines should simultaneously build supporting coal washing facilities to make the sulfur content and ash content of coal reach the prescribed standards; In addition to the coal with low sulfur content and ash content, or the coal-fired power plant that has reached the discharge standard does not need washing, the completed coal mine shall build supporting coal washing facilities within a time limit.

        It is forbidden to mine coal containing toxic and harmful substances such as radioactivity and arsenic that exceed the prescribed standards.

       Article 34　The state adopts economic and technical policies and measures conducive to the clean and efficient utilization of coal, and encourages and supports the development and popularization of clean coal technology.

        The state encourages coal mining enterprises to adopt reasonable and feasible technical measures to exploit and utilize coalbed methane and comprehensively utilize coal gangue. Engaged in the exploitation and utilization of coalbed methane, coalbed methane emissions shall comply with relevant standards and norms.

       Article 35　The state prohibits the import, sale and burning of coal that does not meet the quality standards, and encourages the burning of high-quality coal.

        Units storing coal, coal gangue, coal cinder, coal ash and other materials shall take fire prevention measures to prevent air pollution.

       Article 36　Local people’s governments at all levels should take measures to strengthen the management of civil loose coal, prohibit the sale of coal that does not meet the quality standards of civil loose coal, encourage residents to burn high-quality coal and clean briquette, and promote energy-saving and environment-friendly stoves.

       Article 37　Petroleum refining enterprises shall produce fuel in accordance with fuel quality standards.

        It is forbidden to import, sell and burn petroleum coke that does not meet the quality standards.

       Article 38　The people’s government of a city may delimit and publish the no-burn zone for highly polluting fuels, and gradually expand the scope of the no-burn zone for highly polluting fuels according to the requirements for improving the quality of the atmospheric environment. The catalogue of highly polluting fuels shall be determined by the competent department of ecological environment of the State Council.

        In the no-burn zone, it is forbidden to sell and burn highly polluting fuels; It is forbidden to build or expand facilities that burn highly polluting fuels. If they have been completed, they should switch to natural gas, shale gas, liquefied petroleum gas, electricity or other clean energy sources within the time limit stipulated by the city people’s government.

       Article 39　Urban construction should be planned as a whole, and cogeneration and central heating should be promoted in coal-fired heating areas. In the area covered by central heating pipe network, it is forbidden to build or expand decentralized coal-fired heating boilers; Built coal-fired heating boilers that fail to meet the discharge standards shall be dismantled within the time limit prescribed by the city people’s government.

       Article 40　The market supervision and management department of the people’s government at or above the county level shall, jointly with the competent department of ecological environment, supervise and inspect the implementation of environmental protection standards or requirements in the production, import, sale and use of boilers; Those that do not meet the standards or requirements of environmental protection shall not be produced, imported, sold or used.

       Article 41　Coal-fired power plants and other coal-fired units shall adopt clean production technology, build supporting devices for dust removal, desulfurization and denitrification, or take other measures to control the emission of atmospheric pollutants such as technological transformation.

        The state encourages coal-burning units to adopt advanced technologies and devices for coordinated control of air pollutants such as dust removal, desulfurization, denitrification and mercury removal, so as to reduce the emission of air pollutants.

       Article 42　Power dispatching should give priority to clean energy power generation.

Section 2 Prevention and Control of Industrial Pollution

       Article 43　Enterprises such as iron and steel, building materials, non-ferrous metals, petroleum, chemical industry, etc. that discharge dust, sulfide and nitrogen oxides in the production process shall adopt clean production technology, build supporting devices such as dust removal, desulfurization and denitrification, or take other measures such as technological transformation to control the emission of atmospheric pollutants.

       Article 44　The production, import, sale and use of raw materials and products containing volatile organic compounds shall meet the quality standards or requirements.

        The State encourages the production, import, sale and use of organic solvents with low toxicity and low volatility.

       Article 45　Production and service activities that produce waste gas containing volatile organic compounds shall be carried out in confined spaces or equipment, and pollution prevention facilities shall be installed and used in accordance with regulations; If it cannot be sealed, measures should be taken to reduce exhaust emissions.

       Article 46　Industrial painting enterprises should use paints with low volatile organic compounds content, and establish ledgers to record the usage, waste, destination and volatile organic compounds content of production raw materials and auxiliary materials. The retention period of the ledger shall not be less than three years.

       Article 47　Petroleum, chemical and other enterprises that produce and use organic solvents shall take measures to carry out routine maintenance and repair of pipelines and equipment to reduce material leakage, and the leaked materials shall be collected and treated in time.

        Oil and gas storage depots, gas filling stations, crude oil and refined oil terminals, crude oil and refined oil transport vessels, oil tankers and gas tankers, etc. shall be installed with oil and gas recovery devices in accordance with relevant state regulations and maintained in normal use.

       Article 48　Enterprises such as iron and steel, building materials, non-ferrous metals, petroleum, chemical industry, pharmacy, mineral exploitation, etc. should strengthen fine management and take measures such as centralized collection and treatment to strictly control the discharge of dust and gaseous pollutants.

        Industrial production enterprises should take measures such as sealing, enclosure, covering, cleaning and sprinkling water to reduce the discharge of dust and gaseous pollutants generated in the storage, transmission, loading and unloading of internal materials.

       Article 49　Combustible gases produced by industrial production, landfill or other activities should be recycled, and pollution prevention and treatment should be carried out if the conditions for recycling are not met.

        If the combustible gas recovery and utilization device cannot operate normally, it shall be repaired or updated in time. If it is really necessary to discharge combustible gas during the period when the recycling device cannot operate normally, it shall fully burn the discharged combustible gas or take other measures to control the emission of atmospheric pollutants, and report to the local competent department of ecological environment, and repair or update it within a time limit as required.

Section 3 Prevention and Control of Pollution from Motor Vehicles and Ships

       Article 50　The state advocates low-carbon and environmentally-friendly travel, reasonably controls the number of fuel vehicles according to urban planning, vigorously develops urban public transport, and increases the proportion of public transport trips.

        The state adopts measures such as finance, taxation and government procurement to promote the application of energy-saving, environment-friendly and new energy motor vehicles, boats and off-road mobile machinery, restrict the development of motor vehicles, boats and off-road mobile machinery with high fuel consumption and high emissions, and reduce the consumption of fossil energy.

        The people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government may, in areas where conditions permit, implement the emission limits at corresponding stages in the national emission standards for air pollutants from motor vehicles in advance and report them to the competent department of ecological environment of the State Council for the record.

        The people’s governments of cities should strengthen and improve urban traffic management, optimize road settings, and ensure the continuity and smoothness of sidewalks and non-motor vehicle lanes.

       Article 51　Motor vehicles, boats and non-road mobile machinery shall not discharge atmospheric pollutants beyond the standard.

        It is prohibited to produce, import or sell motor vehicles, boats and off-road mobile machinery whose air pollutant emission exceeds the standard.

       Article 52　Motor vehicle and non-road mobile machinery production enterprises shall conduct emission inspection on newly produced motor vehicles and non-road mobile machinery. Only those who pass the inspection can be sold out of the factory. Inspection information shall be disclosed to the public.

        The competent department of ecological environment of the people’s government at or above the provincial level may strengthen the supervision and inspection of the air pollutant emission status of newly produced and sold motor vehicles and non-road mobile machinery through on-site inspection and sampling inspection. Industry, market supervision and management and other relevant departments to cooperate.

       Article 53　Motor vehicles in use shall, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state or local authorities, be regularly inspected by motor vehicle emission inspection agencies. Only those who pass the inspection can drive on the road. Without passing the inspection, the traffic administrative department of the public security organ shall not issue the safety technical inspection mark.

        The competent department of ecological environment of the local people’s government at or above the county level may supervise and sample the emission of air pollutants from motor vehicles in use in centralized parking places and maintenance places; Under the condition of not affecting the normal traffic, remote sensing monitoring and other technical means can be used to supervise and sample the emission of air pollutants from motor vehicles driving on the road, and the traffic management department of the public security organ will cooperate.

       Article 54　Motor vehicle emission inspection institutions shall pass metrological certification in accordance with the law, use motor vehicle emission inspection equipment that has passed the legal verification, conduct emission inspection on motor vehicles in accordance with the specifications formulated by the competent department of ecological environment of the State Council, and connect with the competent department of ecological environment to realize real-time sharing of inspection data. Motor vehicle emission inspection institutions and their responsible persons are responsible for the authenticity and accuracy of inspection data.

        The competent department of ecological environment and the supervision and administration department of certification and accreditation shall supervise and inspect the emission inspection of motor vehicle emission inspection institutions.

       Article 55　Motor vehicle manufacturing and importing enterprises shall announce to the public the emission inspection information, pollution control technical information and relevant maintenance technical information of their manufactured and imported motor vehicle models.

        Motor vehicle maintenance units shall, in accordance with the requirements for the prevention and control of air pollution and the relevant technical specifications of the state, maintain motor vehicles in use so that they can meet the prescribed emission standards. The competent departments of transportation and ecological environment shall strengthen supervision and management according to law.

        It is forbidden for motor vehicle owners to pass the motor vehicle emission inspection by temporarily replacing motor vehicle pollution control devices and other fraudulent means. Motor vehicle maintenance units are prohibited from providing such maintenance services. It is forbidden to destroy the on-board emission diagnosis system of motor vehicles.

       Article 56　The competent department of ecological environment shall, jointly with the relevant departments of transportation, housing and urban-rural construction, agricultural administration, water administration, etc., supervise and inspect the emission status of air pollutants from non-road mobile machinery, and shall not be used if the emission is unqualified.

       Article 57　The state advocates environmentally-friendly driving, and encourages drivers of fuel-fired motor vehicles to put out their engines without affecting road traffic and stopping for more than three minutes, so as to reduce the emission of air pollutants.

       Article 58　The state establishes a recall system for environmental protection of motor vehicles and off-road mobile machinery.

        If the production and import enterprises know that the air pollutants discharged by motor vehicles and non-road mobile machinery exceed the standard, which are design and production defects or do not meet the specified environmental protection durability requirements, they shall recall them; If it is not recalled, the the State Council Municipal Market Supervision and Management Department shall, jointly with the the State Council Ecological Environment Department, order it to be recalled.

       Article 59　Heavy-duty diesel vehicles and off-road mobile machinery in use are not equipped with pollution control devices, or the pollution control devices do not meet the requirements and cannot meet the discharge standards, and pollution control devices that meet the requirements shall be installed or replaced.

       Article 60　If the air pollutants discharged by motor vehicles in use exceed the standard, they shall be maintained; After maintenance or the use of pollution control technology, the emission of air pollutants still does not meet the national emission standards for motor vehicles in use, and it should be scrapped. The owner shall sell the motor vehicle to the scrapped motor vehicle recycling and dismantling enterprise, and the scrapped motor vehicle recycling and dismantling enterprise shall register, dismantle and destroy it in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state.

        The state encourages and supports high-emission motor vehicles, boats and off-road mobile machinery to be scrapped in advance.

       Article 61　The people’s government of a city may, according to the quality of the atmospheric environment, designate and publish areas where the use of high-emission off-road mobile machinery is prohibited.

       Article 62　Ship inspection agencies conduct emission inspection on ship engines and related equipment. The ship can only operate if it meets the national emission standards after inspection.

       Article 63　Direct ships in inland rivers and rivers and seas should use ordinary diesel oil that meets the standards. Ocean-going ships should use marine fuel that meets the requirements of air pollutant control after berthing.

        The newly-built wharf shall plan, design and build shore-based power supply facilities; The completed wharf shall gradually implement the transformation of shore-based power supply facilities. Ships should give priority to shore power after docking.

       Article 64　The competent department of transportation of the State Council may designate a control area for the discharge of atmospheric pollutants from ships in coastal waters, and the ships entering the control area shall meet the relevant discharge requirements of ships.

       Article 65　It is forbidden to produce, import and sell fuels for motor vehicles, boats and non-road mobile machinery that do not meet the standards; It is forbidden to sell ordinary diesel oil and other non-motor vehicle fuels to automobiles and motorcycles; It is forbidden to sell residual oil and heavy oil to non-road mobile machinery, inland rivers and river-sea direct ships.

       Article 66　The contents of harmful substances in engine oil, nitrogen oxide reductant, fuel and lubricating oil additives and other additives and other atmospheric environmental protection indicators shall meet the requirements of relevant standards, and shall not damage the effect and durability of pollution control devices for motor vehicles and ships, and shall not increase the discharge of new atmospheric pollutants.

       Article 67　The state actively promotes the prevention and control of air pollution by civil aircraft, and encourages effective measures to reduce the emission of air pollutants in the process of design, production and use.

        Civil aircraft shall meet the requirements of engine emissions in the airworthiness standards stipulated by the state.

The fourth quarter dust pollution prevention and control

       Article 68　Local people’s governments at all levels should strengthen the management of construction and transportation, keep roads clean, control the stacking of materials and muck, expand the paved area of green space, water surface, wetland and ground, and prevent dust pollution.

        Housing and urban construction, city appearance and environmental sanitation, transportation, land and resources and other relevant departments shall, according to the responsibilities determined by the people’s government at the corresponding level, do a good job in the prevention and control of dust pollution.

       Article 69　The construction unit shall include the cost of preventing and controlling dust pollution in the project cost, and specify the responsibility of the construction unit for preventing and controlling dust pollution in the construction contract. The construction unit shall formulate a specific implementation plan for the prevention and control of construction dust pollution.

        Construction units engaged in building construction, municipal infrastructure construction, river regulation and building demolition shall file with the competent department in charge of supervision and management of dust pollution prevention and control.

        The construction unit shall set up a hard enclosure at the construction site, and take effective dust-proof and dust-reduction measures such as covering, subsection operation, timing construction, sprinkling water to suppress dust, washing the ground and vehicles. Construction earthwork, engineering muck and construction waste shall be removed in time; Stacking in the site shall be covered with a closed dustproof net. Engineering muck and construction waste should be treated as resources.

        The construction unit shall publicize the information of dust pollution prevention and control measures, the person in charge and the competent department of dust supervision and management at the construction site.

        The construction unit shall cover the bare ground for the construction land that can not be started temporarily; For more than three months, it shall be afforested, paved or covered.

       Article 70　Vehicles transporting coal, garbage, muck, sand and gravel, earthwork, mortar and other bulk and fluid materials shall adopt sealing or other measures to prevent dust pollution caused by the spillage of materials, and drive along the prescribed route.

        Loading and unloading materials should be sealed or sprayed to prevent dust pollution.

        The people’s government of a city shall strengthen the management of cleaning and cleaning of roads, squares, parking lots and other public places, and implement low-dust operation methods such as clean power mechanized cleaning to prevent and control dust pollution.

       Article 71　The relevant departments shall organize the implementation of greening or permeable pavement in accordance with the planning for the exposed ground of municipal rivers, along rivers, public land and other towns.

       Article 72　Storage of coal, coal gangue, cinder, coal ash, cement, lime, gypsum, sand and other materials that are easy to produce dust should be sealed; If it can’t be sealed, a tight enclosure not lower than the height of the stacked objects shall be set up, and effective covering measures shall be taken to prevent and control dust pollution.

        Docks, mines, landfills and disposal sites shall be divided into zones and effective measures shall be taken to prevent and control dust pollution.

Section 5 Prevention and Control of Agriculture and Other Pollution

       Article 73　Local people’s governments at all levels should promote the transformation of agricultural production methods, develop agricultural circular economy, increase support for comprehensive waste treatment, and strengthen the control of air pollutants discharged from agricultural production and operation activities.

       Article 74　Agricultural producers and operators should improve fertilization methods, scientifically and rationally apply chemical fertilizers and use pesticides in accordance with relevant state regulations, so as to reduce the emission of air pollutants such as ammonia and volatile organic compounds.

        It is forbidden to spray highly toxic and toxic pesticides on trees and flowers in densely populated areas.

       Article 75　Livestock and poultry farms and farming communities shall collect, store, remove and harmlessly treat sewage, livestock manure and corpses in time to prevent the emission of malodorous gases.

       Article 76　People’s governments at all levels and relevant departments of agricultural administration should encourage and support the adoption of advanced and applicable technologies to comprehensively utilize straw, fallen leaves, such as fertilizer, feed, energy, industrial raw materials and edible fungi as base materials, and increase financial subsidies for straw returning to fields and collecting integrated agricultural machinery.

        The people’s governments at the county level shall organize the establishment of a service system for straw collection, storage, transportation and comprehensive utilization, and adopt financial subsidies and other measures to support rural collective economic organizations, farmers’ professional cooperative economic organizations and enterprises to carry out straw collection, storage, transportation and comprehensive utilization services.

       Article 77　The people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall delimit areas and prohibit the open burning of straw, fallen leaves and other substances that produce smoke pollution.

       Article 78　The competent department of ecological environment in the State Council shall, jointly with the administrative department of health in the State Council, publish a list of toxic and harmful atmospheric pollutants according to the harm and influence of atmospheric pollutants on public health and ecological environment, and implement risk management.

        Enterprises and institutions that discharge toxic and harmful atmospheric pollutants listed in the catalogue specified in the preceding paragraph shall, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state, build an environmental risk early warning system, regularly monitor the discharge outlets and the surrounding environment, assess environmental risks, investigate environmental safety hazards, and take effective measures to prevent environmental risks.

       Article 79　Enterprises, institutions, other producers and operators who discharge persistent organic pollutants into the atmosphere and the operating units of waste incineration facilities shall, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state, adopt technical methods and processes that are conducive to reducing the emission of persistent organic pollutants, and equip them with effective purification devices to achieve the discharge standards.

       Article 80　Enterprises, institutions and other producers and operators who produce malodorous gases in their production and business activities shall choose a scientific site, set a reasonable protective distance, install purification devices or take other measures to prevent the emission of malodorous gases.

       Article 81　Operators of catering services that discharge lampblack shall install lampblack purification facilities and keep them in normal use, or take other lampblack purification measures to discharge lampblack up to the standard and prevent pollution to the normal living environment of nearby residents.

        It is forbidden to build, rebuild or expand catering service projects that produce oil smoke, odor and waste gas in residential buildings, commercial and residential complex buildings without special flues and commercial floors adjacent to residential floors in commercial and residential complex buildings.

        No unit or individual may barbecue food in the open air or provide a venue for barbecue food in the area prohibited by the local people’s government.

       Article 82　It is forbidden to burn asphalt, linoleum, rubber, plastic, leather, garbage and other substances that produce toxic and harmful smoke and malodorous gases in densely populated areas and other areas that need special protection according to law.

        It is forbidden to produce, sell and set off fireworks and firecrackers that do not meet the quality standards. No unit or individual is allowed to set off fireworks and firecrackers in the time and area prohibited by the city people’s government.

       Article 83　The state encourages and advocates civilized and green sacrifices.

        Crematorium should be equipped with pollution prevention and control facilities such as dust removal and keep it in normal use to prevent it from affecting the surrounding environment.

       Article 84　Operators engaged in clothing dry cleaning and motor vehicle maintenance and other service activities shall set up pollution prevention facilities such as odor and waste gas treatment devices in accordance with relevant national standards or requirements and keep them in normal use to prevent the surrounding environment from being affected.

       Article 85　The state encourages and supports the production and use of substitutes for ozone-depleting substances, and gradually reduces or even stops the production and use of ozone-depleting substances.

        The state exercises total control and quota management over the production, use, import and export of ozone-depleting substances. The specific measures shall be formulated by the State Council.

Chapter V Joint Prevention and Control of Air Pollution in Key Areas

       Article 86　The state establishes a joint prevention and control mechanism for air pollution in key areas, and coordinates the prevention and control of air pollution in key areas. According to the main function zoning, regional atmospheric environmental quality and the law of air pollution transmission and diffusion, the competent department of ecological environment in the State Council has designated the national key areas for air pollution prevention and control, and submitted them to the State Council for approval.

        The people’s governments of relevant provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government in key areas shall determine the local people’s governments to take the lead, hold joint meetings regularly, carry out joint prevention and control of air pollution in accordance with the requirements of unified planning, unified standards, unified monitoring and unified prevention and control measures, and implement the target responsibility of air pollution prevention and control. The competent department of ecological environment in the State Council should strengthen guidance and supervision.

        Provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government may designate key areas for the prevention and control of air pollution within their respective administrative areas with reference to the provisions of the first paragraph.

       Article 87　The competent department of ecological environment of the State Council, together with the relevant departments of the State Council and the people’s governments of relevant provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government in the national key areas for air pollution prevention and control, shall, according to the economic and social development of key areas and the carrying capacity of atmospheric environment, formulate an action plan for joint prevention and control of air pollution in key areas, clarify the control objectives, optimize the regional economic layout, coordinate traffic management, develop clean energy, put forward key prevention and control tasks and measures, and promote the improvement of atmospheric environment quality in key areas.

       Article 88　The comprehensive economic department in the State Council, together with the ecological environment department in the State Council, will further improve the requirements of environmental protection, energy consumption, safety and quality in light of the actual industrial development and atmospheric environmental quality in key areas of national air pollution prevention and control.

        The people’s governments of relevant provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government in key areas shall implement stricter emission standards for air pollutants from motor vehicles, unify the inspection methods and emission limits of motor vehicles in use, and supply qualified motor fuel.

       Article 89　Planning for industrial parks, development zones, regional industries and development that may cause serious pollution to the atmospheric environment in key areas of national air pollution prevention and control shall be conducted in accordance with the law. Planning authorities shall consult with the people’s governments of relevant provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government or relevant departments in key areas.

        In key areas, the relevant provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall timely inform relevant information and hold consultations on projects that may have a significant impact on the atmospheric environmental quality of neighboring provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government.

        The consultation opinions and their adoption shall serve as an important basis for the review or approval of environmental impact assessment documents.

       Article 90　Where coal projects are newly built, rebuilt or expanded in key areas of national air pollution prevention and control, coal shall be replaced by the same amount or reduced amount.

       Article 91　The competent department of ecological environment of the State Council shall organize the establishment of information sharing mechanisms for atmospheric environmental quality monitoring and air pollution source monitoring in key areas of national air pollution prevention and control, and analyze the sources and changing trends of air pollution in key areas by using new technologies such as monitoring, simulation, satellite, aerial survey and remote sensing, and make them public.

       Article 92　The competent department of ecological environment in the State Council and the people’s governments of relevant provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government in the key areas of national air pollution prevention and control may organize relevant departments to carry out joint law enforcement, cross-regional law enforcement and cross-border law enforcement.

Chapter VI Response to Heavy Pollution Weather

       Article 93　The state establishes a monitoring and early warning system for heavily polluted weather.

        The competent department of ecological environment of the State Council shall, jointly with the competent meteorological department of the State Council and other relevant departments, and the people’s governments of relevant provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government in the key areas of national air pollution prevention and control, establish a monitoring and early warning mechanism for heavy pollution weather in key areas, and unify the grading standards for early warning. Where regional heavy pollution weather may occur, it shall promptly notify the people’s governments of relevant provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government in key areas.

        The competent departments of ecological environment of the people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and cities divided into districts shall, jointly with the competent meteorological departments and other relevant departments, establish a monitoring and early warning mechanism for heavy polluted weather in their respective administrative areas.

       Article 94　The local people’s governments at or above the county level shall incorporate the heavy pollution weather response into the emergency management system.

        The people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and cities divided into districts, as well as the people’s governments at the county level where heavy pollution weather may occur, shall formulate emergency plans for heavy pollution weather, file them with the competent department of ecological environment of the people’s government at the next higher level, and announce them to the public.

       Article 95　The competent department of ecological environment of the people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and cities divided into districts shall establish a consultation mechanism with the competent meteorological departments to forecast the quality of atmospheric environment. If heavy pollution weather may occur, it shall report to the people’s government at the corresponding level in a timely manner. The people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and cities divided into districts make comprehensive judgments based on the forecast information of heavily polluted weather, determine the early warning level and issue early warning in time. The early warning level is adjusted in time according to the situation. No unit or individual may release the forecast and early warning information of heavy pollution weather to the society without authorization.

        After the early warning information is released, the people’s government and its relevant departments shall inform the public to take health protection measures, guide the public to travel and adjust other related social activities through television, radio, internet and short messages.

       Article 96　The local people’s governments at or above the county level shall, according to the warning level of heavily polluted weather, start the emergency plan in time. According to the emergency needs, they can take emergency measures such as ordering relevant enterprises to stop production or production, restricting the driving of some motor vehicles, prohibiting the discharge of fireworks and firecrackers, stopping earthwork and demolition of buildings on the construction site, stopping open-air barbecues, stopping outdoor activities organized by kindergartens and schools, and organizing weather modification operations.

        After the end of the emergency response, the people’s government shall timely carry out the evaluation of the implementation of the emergency plan, and timely revise and improve the emergency plan.

       Article 97　In the event of an environmental emergency that causes air pollution, the people’s government and its relevant departments and relevant enterprises and institutions shall do a good job in emergency handling in accordance with the provisions of the Emergency Response Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Environmental Protection Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC). The competent department of ecological environment shall timely monitor the atmospheric pollutants produced by sudden environmental incidents and publish the monitoring information to the society.

Chapter VII Legal Liability

       Article 98　Whoever, in violation of the provisions of this Law, refuses to accept the supervision and inspection of the competent department of ecological environment and its environmental law enforcement agencies or other departments responsible for the supervision and management of atmospheric environmental protection by refusing to enter the site, or commits fraud when accepting the supervision and inspection, shall be ordered by the competent department of ecological environment of the people’s government at or above the county level or other departments responsible for the supervision and management of atmospheric environmental protection to make corrections and be fined not less than 20,000 yuan but not more than 200,000 yuan; If it constitutes a violation of public security administration, it shall be punished by the public security organ according to law.

       Article 99　In violation of the provisions of this law, anyone who commits any of the following acts shall be ordered by the competent department of ecological environment of the people’s government at or above the county level to correct or restrict production, stop production for rectification, and be fined not less than 100,000 yuan but not more than 1 million yuan; If the circumstances are serious, it shall be reported to the people’s government with the right of approval and ordered to suspend business or close down:

        (1) Discharging atmospheric pollutants without obtaining a pollutant discharge permit according to law;

        (2) Discharging atmospheric pollutants that exceed the emission standards of atmospheric pollutants or exceed the total emission control targets of key atmospheric pollutants;

        (3) Discharging atmospheric pollutants by evading supervision.

       Article 100　Anyone who violates the provisions of this Law and commits any of the following acts shall be ordered by the competent department of ecological environment of the people’s government at or above the county level to make corrections and be fined between 20,000 yuan and 200,000 yuan; Refuses to correct, shall be ordered to suspend production for rectification:

        (a) occupation, damage or unauthorized movement, change of atmospheric environmental quality monitoring facilities or automatic monitoring equipment for atmospheric pollutant discharge;

        (2) failing to monitor the discharged industrial waste gas and toxic and harmful atmospheric pollutants in accordance with the regulations and keeping the original monitoring records;

        (3) Failing to install and use automatic monitoring equipment for air pollutant discharge in accordance with the regulations or failing to connect with the monitoring equipment of the competent department of ecological environment in accordance with the regulations, and ensuring the normal operation of the monitoring equipment;

        (four) the key pollutant discharge units do not disclose or not disclose the automatic monitoring data truthfully;

        (five) failing to set up the air pollutant discharge port in accordance with the regulations.

       Article 101　Whoever, in violation of the provisions of this Law, produces, imports, sells or uses equipment and products prohibited in the catalogue of national comprehensive industrial policies, adopts technologies prohibited in the catalogue of national comprehensive industrial policies, or transfers obsolete equipment and products to others for use, shall be ordered by the competent department for comprehensive economic affairs of the people’s government at or above the county level and the customs to make corrections according to their duties, confiscate the illegal income, and impose a fine ranging from one time to three times the value of the goods; Those who refuse to make corrections shall be reported to the people’s government with the right of approval and ordered to suspend business or close down. If the import behavior constitutes smuggling, the customs shall punish it according to law.

       Article 102　In violation of the provisions of this law, if a coal mine fails to build supporting coal washing facilities in accordance with the provisions, the competent energy department of the people’s government at or above the county level shall order it to make corrections and impose a fine of not less than 100,000 yuan but not more than 1 million yuan; Those who refuse to make corrections shall be reported to the people’s government with the right of approval and ordered to suspend business or close down.

        Anyone who, in violation of the provisions of this Law, mines coal containing toxic and harmful substances such as radioactivity and arsenic that exceed the prescribed standards shall be ordered by the people’s government at or above the county level to suspend business or close down according to the authority prescribed by the State Council.

       Article 103　Anyone who violates the provisions of this Law and commits any of the following acts shall be ordered by the market supervision and administration department of the local people’s government at or above the county level to make corrections, confiscate raw materials, products and illegal income, and impose a fine of more than one time and less than three times the value of the goods:

        (1) selling coal and petroleum coke that do not meet the quality standards;

        (2) Producing and selling raw materials and products whose volatile organic compounds content does not meet the quality standards or requirements;

        (3) producing and selling fuels, engine oils, nitrogen oxide reductants, fuel and lubricating oil additives and other additives for motor vehicles, boats and off-road mobile machinery that do not meet the standards;

        (4) selling highly polluting fuels in the no-burn zone.

       Article 104　Anyone who violates the provisions of this Law and commits any of the following acts shall be ordered by the Customs to make corrections, confiscate raw materials, products and illegal income, and impose a fine of more than one time but less than three times the value of the goods; If it constitutes smuggling, it shall be punished by the customs according to law:

        (1) importing coal and petroleum coke that do not meet the quality standards;

        (2) Importing raw materials and products whose volatile organic compounds content does not meet the quality standards or requirements;

        (3) importing fuel, engine oil, nitrogen oxide reducing agent, fuel and lubricating oil additives and other additives for motor vehicles, boats and off-road mobile machinery that do not meet the standards.

       Article 105　In violation of the provisions of this law, units that burn coal or petroleum coke that do not meet the quality standards shall be ordered by the competent department of ecological environment of the people’s government at or above the county level to make corrections and be fined at least one time but not more than three times the value of the goods.

       Article 106　Whoever, in violation of the provisions of this Law, uses fuel oil for ships that does not meet the standards or requirements shall be fined between 10,000 yuan and 100,000 yuan by the maritime administrative agency and the fishery administrative department according to their duties.

       Article 107　Whoever, in violation of the provisions of this Law, builds or expands facilities burning highly polluting fuels in no-burn zones, or fails to stop burning highly polluting fuels in accordance with the provisions, or builds or expands decentralized coal-fired heating boilers in areas covered by urban central heating network, or fails to dismantle coal-fired heating boilers that have been built and fail to meet the discharge standards in accordance with the provisions, the competent department of ecological environment of the local people’s government at or above the county level shall confiscate the facilities burning highly polluting fuels, organize the dismantling of coal-fired heating boilers, and impose a fine of not less than 20,000 yuan but not more than 200,000 yuan.

        Whoever, in violation of the provisions of this Law, produces, imports, sells or uses boilers that do not meet the prescribed standards or requirements shall be ordered by the market supervision and management department and the competent department of ecological environment of the people’s government at or above the county level to make corrections, confiscate the illegal income and impose a fine of not less than 20,000 yuan but not more than 200,000 yuan.

       Article 108　Anyone who violates the provisions of this Law and commits any of the following acts shall be ordered by the competent department of ecological environment of the people’s government at or above the county level to make corrections and be fined between 20,000 yuan and 200,000 yuan; Refuses to correct, shall be ordered to suspend production for rectification:

        (a) the production and service activities that produce waste gas containing volatile organic compounds are not carried out in confined spaces or equipment, pollution prevention facilities are not installed and used in accordance with regulations, or measures to reduce waste gas emissions are not taken;

        (2) The industrial painting enterprise has not used the paint with low volatile organic content or has not established and kept a ledger;

        (3) Petroleum, chemical and other enterprises that produce and use organic solvents fail to take measures for routine maintenance and repair of pipelines and equipment to reduce material leakage or fail to collect and treat the leaked materials in time;

        (4) failing to install and normally use oil and gas recovery devices in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state, such as oil storage and gas storage depots, refueling stations, oil tankers and gas tankers;

        (5) Enterprises such as iron and steel, building materials, nonferrous metals, petroleum, chemical industry, pharmacy, mineral exploitation, etc. fail to take measures such as centralized collection and treatment, sealing, enclosure, covering, cleaning and sprinkling water to control and reduce the discharge of dust and gaseous pollutants;

        (6) The combustible gas generated in industrial production, landfill or other activities has not been recycled, the conditions for recycling have not been met, pollution prevention and treatment has not been carried out, or the combustible gas recycling device cannot operate normally and has not been repaired or updated in time.

       Article 109　Whoever, in violation of the provisions of this Law, produces motor vehicles and off-road mobile machinery that exceed the pollutant discharge standards shall be ordered by the competent department of ecology and environment of the people’s government at or above the provincial level to make corrections, and the illegal income shall be confiscated, and a fine of more than one time but less than three times the value of the goods shall be imposed, and the motor vehicles and off-road mobile machinery that fail to meet the pollutant discharge standards shall be confiscated and destroyed; Refuses to correct, shall be ordered to stop production and rectification, and shall be ordered by the competent department of motor vehicle production in the State Council to stop production of this model.

        In violation of the provisions of this Law, if a motor vehicle or off-road mobile machinery production enterprise cheats on the engine and pollution control device, shoddy it and sells it as a product that has passed the emission inspection, the competent department of ecology and environment of the people’s government at or above the provincial level shall order it to stop production and rectify, confiscate the illegal income, impose a fine of more than one time but less than three times the value of the goods, confiscate and destroy the motor vehicle or off-road mobile machinery that cannot meet the pollutant emission standards, and order it to stop production of this model by the competent department of motor vehicle production in the State Council.

       Article 110　Anyone who, in violation of the provisions of this Law, imports or sells motor vehicles and off-road mobile machinery that exceed the pollutant discharge standards shall be confiscated by the market supervision and administration department of the people’s government at or above the county level and the customs in accordance with their duties, and shall be fined between one and three times the value of the goods, and the motor vehicles and off-road mobile machinery that fail to meet the pollutant discharge standards shall be confiscated and destroyed; If the import behavior constitutes smuggling, the customs shall punish it according to law.

        In violation of the provisions of this law, the seller shall be responsible for the repair, replacement and return of motor vehicles and off-road mobile machinery that do not meet the pollutant discharge standards; If losses are caused to the buyer, the seller shall compensate for the losses.

       Article 111　In violation of the provisions of this law, motor vehicle production and import enterprises fail to disclose the emission inspection information or pollution control technical information of their production and import motor vehicle models to the public in accordance with the provisions, and the competent department of ecology and environment of the people’s government at or above the provincial level shall order them to make corrections and impose a fine of not less than 50,000 yuan but not more than 500,000 yuan.

        In violation of the provisions of this law, motor vehicle production and import enterprises fail to publicize the relevant maintenance technical information of their production and import motor vehicle models to the public in accordance with the provisions, and the transportation department of the people’s government at or above the provincial level shall order them to make corrections and impose a fine of not less than 50,000 yuan but not more than 500,000 yuan.

       Article 112　Whoever, in violation of the provisions of this Law, forges the emission inspection results of motor vehicles and off-road mobile machinery or issues false emission inspection reports shall be confiscated by the competent department of ecological environment of the people’s government at or above the county level, and shall be fined not less than 100,000 yuan but not more than 500,000 yuan; If the circumstances are serious, the inspection qualification shall be cancelled by the department responsible for qualification identification.

        Whoever, in violation of the provisions of this Law, forges the results of ship emission inspection or issues false emission inspection reports shall be punished by the maritime administrative agency according to law.

        Anyone who, in violation of the provisions of this Law, passes the vehicle emission inspection or destroys the vehicle-mounted emission diagnosis system by temporarily replacing the vehicle pollution control device, etc., shall be ordered by the competent department of ecological environment of the people’s government at or above the county level to make corrections, and the owner of the vehicle shall be fined 5,000 yuan; The motor vehicle maintenance unit shall be fined 5,000 yuan per motor vehicle.

       Article 113　In violation of the provisions of this law, if a motor vehicle driver drives a motor vehicle that fails to pass the emission inspection on the road, the traffic management department of the public security organ shall punish him according to law.

       Article 114　Anyone who, in violation of the provisions of this Law, uses non-road mobile machinery with unqualified emissions, or fails to install or replace pollution control devices in heavy-duty diesel vehicles and non-road mobile machinery in use, shall be ordered by the competent department of ecology and environment of the people’s government at or above the county level to make corrections according to their duties and be fined 5,000 yuan.

        In violation of the provisions of this law, the use of high-emission non-road mobile machinery in areas where the use of high-emission non-road mobile machinery is prohibited shall be punished by the competent departments of ecological environment of the people’s government of the city according to law.

       Article 115　In violation of the provisions of this law, if the construction unit commits any of the following acts, the competent department of housing and urban-rural construction of the people’s government at or above the county level shall, in accordance with its duties, order it to make corrections and impose a fine of not less than 10,000 yuan but not more than 100,000 yuan; Refuses to correct, shall be ordered to stop rectification:

        (a) the construction site is not equipped with a hard enclosure, or fails to take effective dust control and dust reduction measures such as covering, subsection operation, timely construction, sprinkling water to suppress dust, washing the ground and vehicles;

        (two) the construction earthwork, engineering muck, construction waste is not removed in time, or not covered by closed dustproof net.

        In violation of the provisions of this law, if the construction unit fails to cover the exposed ground of the construction land that cannot be started temporarily, or fails to green, pave or cover the exposed ground of the construction land that cannot be started for more than three months, the competent departments of housing and urban and rural construction of the people’s government at or above the county level shall punish it in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph.

       Article 116　In violation of the provisions of this Law, vehicles transporting bulk and fluid materials such as coal, garbage, muck, sand and gravel, earthwork, mortar, etc. fail to take sealing or other measures to prevent the materials from being scattered, and the supervision and administration department determined by the local people’s government at or above the county level shall order it to make corrections and impose a fine of more than 2,000 yuan and less than 20,000 yuan; Refuses to correct, vehicles are not allowed to drive on the road.

       Article 117　In violation of the provisions of this law, anyone who commits any of the following acts shall be ordered by the competent department of ecology and environment of the people’s government at or above the county level to make corrections in accordance with his duties and be fined not less than 10,000 yuan but not more than 100,000 yuan; Refuses to correct, shall be ordered to stop rectification or suspend business for rectification:

        (a) coal, coal gangue, cinder, coal ash, cement, lime, gypsum, sand and other materials that are easy to produce dust are not sealed;

        (two) for the materials that can not be sealed and are easy to produce dust, there is no strict enclosure not lower than the height of the stack, or no effective covering measures are taken to prevent and control dust pollution;

        (three) loading and unloading materials are not closed or sprayed to control dust emission;

        (four) storage of coal, coal gangue, coal cinder, coal ash and other materials, without taking fire prevention measures;

        (five) docks, mines, landfills and disposal sites have not taken effective measures to prevent and control dust pollution;

        (6) Enterprises and institutions that discharge toxic and harmful air pollutants listed in the Catalogue of Toxic and Harmful Air Pollutants fail to build an environmental risk early warning system or regularly monitor the discharge outlets and the surrounding environment, investigate potential environmental safety hazards and take effective measures to prevent environmental risks;

        (7) Enterprises, institutions, other producers and operators who discharge persistent organic pollutants into the atmosphere and the operating units of waste incineration facilities fail to adopt technical methods and processes conducive to reducing the emission of persistent organic pollutants and equip them with purification devices in accordance with relevant state regulations;

        (eight) no measures have been taken to prevent the emission of malodorous gases.

       Article 118　In violation of the provisions of this Law, catering service operators who discharge lampblack have not installed lampblack purification facilities, used lampblack purification facilities abnormally or adopted other lampblack purification measures, and discharged lampblack beyond the emission standard, the supervision and administration department determined by the local people’s government at or above the county level shall order them to make corrections and impose a fine of not less than 5,000 yuan but not more than 50,000 yuan; Refuses to correct, shall be ordered to suspend business for rectification.

        In violation of the provisions of this Law, the supervision and administration department determined by the local people’s government at or above the county level shall order the newly-built, rebuilt or expanded catering service projects that produce oil fume, odor and waste gas in residential buildings, commercial and residential buildings without supporting special flues, and commercial floors adjacent to residential floors in commercial and residential buildings; Refuses to correct, be closed, and impose a fine of not less than ten thousand yuan but not more than one hundred thousand yuan.

        Anyone who, in violation of the provisions of this Law, barbecues food in the open air or provides a venue for barbecued food in a time period and area prohibited by the local people’s government shall be ordered by the supervision and administration department determined by the local people’s government at or above the county level to make corrections, and his barbecue tools and illegal income shall be confiscated, and he shall also be fined not less than 500 yuan but not more than 20,000 yuan.

       Article 119　Anyone who, in violation of the provisions of this Law, sprays highly toxic pesticides on trees, flowers and plants in densely populated areas, or burns straw, fallen leaves and other substances that produce smoke and dust pollution in the open air shall be ordered by the supervision and administration department determined by the local people’s government at or above the county level to make corrections, and may be fined from 500 yuan to 2,000 yuan.

        Whoever, in violation of the provisions of this Law, burns asphalt, linoleum, rubber, plastics, leather, garbage and other substances that produce toxic and harmful smoke and malodorous gases in densely populated areas and other areas that need special protection according to law shall be ordered by the supervision and administration department determined by the people’s government at the county level to make corrections, and the unit shall be fined from 10,000 yuan to 100,000 yuan, and the individual shall be fined from 500 yuan to 2,000 yuan.

        Anyone who, in violation of the provisions of this law, sets off fireworks and firecrackers in time periods and areas prohibited by the people’s government of a city shall be punished by the supervision and administration department determined by the local people’s government at or above the county level according to law.

       Article 120　Anyone who, in violation of the provisions of this Law, engages in service activities such as clothing dry cleaning and motor vehicle maintenance, fails to install pollution prevention facilities such as odor and waste gas treatment devices and keeps them in normal use, thus affecting the surrounding environment, shall be ordered by the competent department of ecological environment of the local people’s government at or above the county level to make corrections and be fined between 2,000 yuan and 20,000 yuan; Refuses to correct, shall be ordered to suspend business for rectification.

       Article 121　Anyone who, in violation of the provisions of this law, releases forecast and early warning information of heavily polluted weather to the society without authorization, which constitutes a violation of public security management, shall be punished by the public security organ according to law.

        Whoever, in violation of the provisions of this Law, refuses to implement emergency measures for heavy polluted weather such as stopping earth and stone work on the construction site or demolishing buildings shall be fined at least 10,000 yuan but not more than 100,000 yuan by the supervision and administration department determined by the local people’s government at or above the county level.

       Article 122　Those who violate the provisions of this law and cause air pollution accidents shall be fined by the competent department of ecological environment of the people’s government at or above the county level in accordance with the provisions of the second paragraph of this article; The directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel may be fined less than 50% of the income obtained from this enterprise or institution in the previous year.

        For those who cause general or large air pollution accidents, a fine shall be calculated according to the direct loss caused by the pollution accident, which is more than one time but less than three times; If a major or extraordinarily serious air pollution accident is caused, a fine shall be calculated according to the direct loss caused by the pollution accident of more than three times and less than five times.

       Article 123　In violation of the provisions of this law, enterprises, institutions and other producers and operators who commit any of the following acts are fined, ordered to make corrections, and refuse to make corrections, the administrative organ that has made the punishment decision according to law may impose continuous penalties on a daily basis according to the original amount of punishment from the day following the day when it is ordered to make corrections:

        (1) Discharging atmospheric pollutants without obtaining a pollutant discharge permit according to law;

        (2) Discharging atmospheric pollutants that exceed the emission standards of atmospheric pollutants or exceed the total emission control targets of key atmospheric pollutants;

        (3) Discharging atmospheric pollutants by evading supervision;

        (4) failing to take effective measures to prevent and control dust pollution during construction or storage of materials that are prone to dust.

       Article 124　Anyone who, in violation of the provisions of this law, retaliates against an informer by dissolving or modifying the labor contract or by other means shall be liable in accordance with the provisions of relevant laws.

       Article 125　If the discharge of air pollutants causes damage, it shall bear tort liability according to law.

       Article 126　Local people’s governments at all levels, the competent departments of ecological environment of the people’s governments at or above the county level and other departments responsible for the supervision and management of atmospheric environmental protection and their staff who abuse their powers, neglect their duties, engage in malpractices for selfish ends and practise fraud shall be punished according to law.

       Article 127　Anyone who violates the provisions of this law and constitutes a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility according to law.

Chapter VIII Supplementary Provisions

       Article 128　The prevention and control of air pollution in marine engineering shall be implemented in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Marine Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China.

       Article 129　This law shall come into force as of January 1, 2016.

On April 5, the season debut of the new workers’ sports set a new high of 53,898 people. On the same day, Shenhua’s foreign aid teixeira, harbor striker Lei Wu and Taishan naturalized player delgado staged another series of lore.

In the fourth round of the Super League, from the fiery degree of the ball market to the wonderful degree of the game, it was comprehensively improved. Next week, the Super League will usher in the first one-week double match of the new season. After entering the fast lane of the schedule, the Super League also looks forward to continuing its excitement.

Lei Wu

Average 3 goals per game to set a new season record.

A total of 24 goals were scored in the eight games of this round of Super League. Both Wuhan Sanzhen and Tianjin Jinmen Tiger fought back when they were 0-3 behind at home, and finally they stubbornly pulled back two goals and played two games 2-3.

However, the away game against Guoan in Haigang was also a big success. Lei Wu scored a header in the 6th minute of injury time to help Haigang draw 2-2.

There have been many "winner" in this round, and the 5th can be regarded as the winner’s night. First, the 98th minute of Shenhua’s guest’s battle against Yatai, teixeira’s long-range shot from outside the restricted area helped Shenhua to win a four-game winning streak 2-1, and Lei Wu’s tie also helped the seaport get a point.

In the Qilu Derby, delgado hit a melee in front of the 91st minute of the game, helping Taishan beat Manatee 1-0. On the afternoon of the 6th, Compagno, the foreign aid of Jinmen Tiger, scored two goals in the 92nd and 97th minutes of the Chengdu Rongcheng match.

Compagno

In addition to the lore, there have also been many world wave goals in this round. Oscar and Lei Wu staged a wonderful performance of Beckham’s corner kick to assist Scholes to score a goal from a long-range volley, and then Gujia immediately returned the favor with a wonderful long-range shot.

In addition, Jiang Zhipeng and teixeira’s long-range shots, as well as Ever’s free kick, were also very enjoyable.

It is worth mentioning that in this round of eight games, except for Guoan’s 2-2 draw with Haigang and Nantong’s 1-0 defeat with Meizhou, all the other six games were won by the visiting team.

Taishan beat Manatee 1-0 away, Shenhua beat Yatai 2-1, Shenzhen beat Henan 2-0, Qingdao beat Zhejiang 2-1, Cangzhou beat Sanzhen 3-2, and Rongcheng beat Jinmen Tiger 3-2.

The visiting teams have won one after another, and the unpopular ones are frequent, and the teams have also fought to the end to make a continuous contribution to the lore, which reflects the fierce competition of the teams in the Super League today and also reflects the momentum of the teams who dare to fight and fight.

Guoan fans cheered for the team.

The fiery degree of the ball market reached a new high.

In this round of Super League, the figures of single-round attendance and single-game attendance were refreshed again.

The total attendance in 8 games was 196,073, with an average attendance of 24,509, which was not only the highest this season, but also exceeded the highest attendance of 191,553 in 2023, which was the attendance record of the Super League since 2020.

It is worth noting that in this round of Super League, Chengdu Rongcheng, Shandong Taishan and Shanghai Shenhua, which ranked second, fourth and fifth in the ball market last season, are all away games.

The attendance of 53,898 people in Beijing Guoan reached a season high, surpassing the attendance data of 52,500 people in Guoan last season, which is also the highest attendance record in the Super League since the 2020 season.

While the number of fans in the Super League is steadily rising, the football culture is becoming more and more mature. In the match between Beijing Guoan and Shanghai Harbor, more than 50,000 Guoan fans, together with the visiting harbor fans, drew a sea of stars in the stadium with their mobile phones before the game to mourn the death of Guoan fan Yang Xue.

Guoan Club also permanently sealed Yang Xue’s seat, which is the temperature of the Super League and the embodiment of football rallying people’s hearts and guiding positive energy.

Football leagues at all levels in China are getting hotter and hotter.

Expeditionary force is also a shining part of the culture of Chinese Super League fans. On the evening of April 5, Qingdao Youth Football Stadium, Qingdao Manatee and Shandong Taishan’s "Qilu Derby" were staged, and the visiting team’s Shandong Taishan fans’ phalanx was as high as 4,762, which is also the highest attendance rate of away fans this season.

Previously, in the first round of the season, Cangzhou Lions played against Beijing Guoan, and 4,582 Guoan fans arrived in Cangzhou from Beijing, which also formed a spectacular visiting fan area.

In addition to the Super League, the markets of China A and China B are also full of heat. In the first round of China A League, there were 23,866 people in Guojing, Guangxiping. In the second round, there were 17,872 people in Yukun, Yunnan; In the third round, there were 18,441 seats in Yunnan Yukun and 23,118 seats in Dalian InBev.

In the fourth round, 25,351 people in Dalian Yingbo set a new record, and 13,632 people in Shijiazhuang Kung Fu. In the fifth round, there were 19,450 people in Yanbian Long Ding; In addition, the home attendance of Chongqing Tonglianglong and Liaoning Tieren is also more than 10,000. In the fourth round, League A achieved an average attendance of over 10,000, reaching 10,095 people.

China and B are equally hot. The attendance of Shaanxi United in the third round was as high as 22,726, and that of Hunan Xiangtao was as high as 12,846.

The second round of the "Xi ‘an Derby" jointly organized by Xi ‘an Chongde, Rong Hai and Shaanxi, with a seating capacity of 13,865; Shandong Taishan Jingangshan team and Tai ‘an Tianlong’s "Qilu Derby", Zoucheng’s home audience number is 10,680; The first round of Guangxi Lanhang and Guangxi Hengchen’s "Guangxi Derby" was attended by 16,074 people.

The enthusiasm of the fans witnessed the recovery of the professional league in China, and also reflected the attraction and strong vitality of the professional league.

Original Chu Tian Lan Teng Yun

Text | Chu Tianlan

Tengyun special author

For today’s people, the emergence of new technologies has greatly facilitated daily life, and the development of information technology has provided great convenience for work, travel or shopping. On the other hand, the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) has replaced a large number of jobs that previously required manpower, such as cashiers, waiters, ticket sellers and so on. Some displaced people may be able to find better jobs. For those who are affected by this, the development and progress of new technologies are obviously not good news.

The Technical Trap focuses on this issue: the emergence of new technologies will lead to the unemployment or income reduction of some workers, while the economic growth brought by some creative destruction and the creation of new employment opportunities often take decades or even longer to be reflected. How to avoid the pain and loss caused by technology trap to these people and take corresponding remedial measures is an important issue.

Technical trap

Author: (Sweden) Karl benedikt Frey Translator: He Xiao

Press: Houlangdang Democracy and Construction Press, December 2021.

01

The invention and impact of new technology

According to the unclear definition in this book, labor-saving technologies can be roughly divided into two types: enabling technologies and alternative technologies. Enabling technology is a technology that helps people to complete existing tasks more efficiently or creates new job opportunities for workers. Technology that makes jobs and skills redundant is called replacement technology (page 14).

According to the author’s example, if the steel quantity in 1929 is produced with the technology of 1890, the required workers are 1.25 million instead of 400,000. However, because the demand for steel is rising steadily, 800,000 extra people are rarely unemployed because of the mechanization development of the steel industry. In addition, computer-aided design software can make staff more efficient rather than replace them. However, the alternative technology is different, and the automatic elevator replaces the elevator operator. In the factory that produces cars, robots not only improve output, but also replace mechanical operators.

It is not difficult to see that both enabling technology and replacement technology can improve production efficiency and reduce costs. However, there is no clear distinction between the two. A labor-saving technology used in one field is enabling technology, and used in another field is probably replacing technology. As we have seen, the emergence of any new technology will impact the original production order and market demand.

From today’s point of view, as long as new technology can save labor, improve efficiency and reduce costs, it will be widely used and popularized in reality. However, in many times in history, this is not the case. For example, after the popularization of printing, the original scribe either specialized in copying short texts that were uneconomical to print, or became a bookbinder and designer. However, the Sultan Bayezid II, worried that literates would weaken his dominant position, issued a decree in 1485 prohibiting printing in Arabic in the Ottoman Empire.

"Technology Trap" holds that in the classical era, technology mainly served the public domain, rather than satisfying private interests. Rulers promote technological progress not to improve the efficiency of speculation, but to improve public works in order to improve their popularity and consolidate political power.

Therefore, technology at this time is a political tool, not serving economic interests. Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus, the Roman emperor, was in power in 69-79 AD. At that time, if a big and heavy cylinder was transported from a mine to Rome, thousands of workers were needed and the expenses were huge. Someone told Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus that he had invented a device, which could greatly reduce the cost. But Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus refused to use it for fear that depriving the Romans of their jobs would lead to political instability.

Similar things happened in England in the 16th and 17th centuries and Germany in the 18th century. In 1589, Reverend William Li Faming bought a knitting machine for stockings. This labor replacement technology was of milestone significance at that time. However, the knitwear guild strongly resisted this new technology, and Queen Elizabeth I refused to grant him a patent right to avoid workers losing their jobs. William lee left England for this reason.

In 1623, the Privy Council of the United Kingdom ordered that the sewing machine be banned and the sewing needles made from it be destroyed. From 1685 to 1726, automatic looms were completely banned in Germany. In 1705, the French’s Dennis Papan invented the steam engine in Germany. His mentor and friend, the famous physicist gottfried leibniz, wrote to Hesse Kassel Elector, requesting that Papan’s ship be allowed to "pass without any trouble", but it was not approved. When Papan’s steamboat arrived in Minden, the boatmen’s guild tried to get the local judge to detain Papan’s boat, but it failed. After that, the boatmen attacked and destroyed Papan’s ship and smashed the steam engine. In the end, Papan died of poverty and was buried in an unknown grave.

In 1688, a glorious revolution took place in Britain. Political power was transferred from the king to the parliament, and businessmen gained more political discourse rights. Parliament began to defend the interests of businessmen more. Birmingham and Manchester used to be villages, but later they developed into towns, liberated from the rules of guilds and became the engines of the industrial revolution.

However, the situation in France is different. During the French Revolution in 1789, when Paris people stormed the Bastille, wool workers from Darnatal took advantage of the chaos, broke through the bridge of the Seine River guarded by the Wang family, and destroyed the machines near the factory of Da Saint-Cerf. Thirty machines of Caron Company were destroyed by mobs. In the suburb of Rouen, more than 700 Jenny spinning machines were destroyed.

However, the government was worried that this incident would worsen the situation in the country, so it did not send troops to quell it. French industrialists and inventors, on the other hand, do not believe that the government can protect their own interests, thus weakening their willingness to invest in machinery and industry. This situation from 1789 to 1799 affected the development of French economy.

The same is true in China. According to the observer Daniel J. McGovern’s record in 1886, Foshan merchants imported a large number of brass sheets from Birmingham, England, and sold them to producers to build brass utensils. Because some coppersmith’s job is to beat imported thick brass sheets into thin sheets, these thin copper sheets were returned to Hong Kong to avoid riots. An American Chinese imported a batch of efficient sewing machines to sew felt soles, but they were destroyed by local shoemakers.

Looking at the birth and development of new technology, it is often not limited to the superiority and performance of the technology itself, but the result of the tripartite game between labor, management and rulers, who are often the final arbiter. The standard of its ruling is often political stability, not just production efficiency. For workers, if new technologies can improve skills and increase income, they will be happy to adopt them; For the management, as long as it can improve the efficiency and reduce the cost, it is willing to adopt it; For rulers, new technology not only improves efficiency, but also benefits political stability.

Political power not only determines the authoritative distribution of major interests, but also determines whether new technologies can be popularized and used. In the triangular relationship among labor, management and ruler, the ruler has the strongest right to speak: when a new technology appears, when both labor and management agree, the ruler has no reason to oppose it, and if the ruler opposes it, the new technology will be difficult to popularize and use; When one side of labor and management agrees and the other side opposes, the support and opposition of the ruler determines whether this technology can be popularized.

02

Different consequences of the industrial revolution

It is generally believed that the first industrial revolution took place in the 1760s-1840s, marked by the widespread use of steam engines.

The second industrial revolution took place in the late 1960s, marked by the widespread use of electricity, when the United States replaced Britain as a technology leader.

The third industrial revolution began in the 1940 s and 1950 s, and major breakthroughs were made in the fields of atomic energy, computer, electronic technology, aerospace technology, molecular biology and genetic engineering.

The fourth industrial revolution is based on artificial intelligence, robotics, virtual reality, quantum information technology, controlled nuclear fusion, clean energy and biotechnology.

In 1769, Richard Ackerett and james watt applied for a patent for their invention, which is usually regarded as the beginning of the industrial revolution. In the previous decades, mechanization has begun and factories have appeared. The rise of international trade has intensified the competition among nation-states. The rising wages of British workers force the country to maintain its competitiveness through mechanization.

In 1716, John Lome sneaked into an Italian factory, quietly drew a machine pattern and shipped it back to England in silk. A year after returning to England from Italy, John Lome and his funded brother Thomas set up the first silk factory near Derbyshire-the twisting machine of the factory was made according to the drawings brought back from Italy.

Before the machine age, spinning cotton was time-consuming and laborious. In 1776, the second krom Ford cotton mill opened by Akelet opened. This factory uses hydraulic drive machines, which are arranged according to the production sequence, and its hydraulic spinning machine uses drum spinning, which reduces the labor cost by about two thirds, and finally reduces the total cost of woolen cotton by 20%. In addition, Akelet invented the carding machine.

James hargreaves, on the other hand, invented Jenny’s spinning machine, which is 70 times more expensive than a hand-spinning wheel, but much cheaper than Ackerett’s machine and takes up less space. In 1779, Samuel crompton invented the crompton-type spinning frame, which was quickly applied to factories. Spinning machine saves labor costs and replaces manual spinning workers. During this period, spinning machines continued to improve, with the goal of replacing men with women and children to reduce costs.

In the eyes of many people today, the steam engine promoted the industrial revolution. However, it took nearly 200 years from the earliest practical application of the steam engine to the obvious impact on economic development. In the late 17th century, Thomas savery, a British Cornwall officer, first applied atmospheric pressure. In 1712, Thomas Newcomen’s steam engine appeared. Because of its inherent defects, it was only used for coal mine drainage before 1770.

After james watt invented the separate condenser, the heat in the cylinder would not be lost in the condensation process. However, Watt’s steam engine was not widely used until several decades later, and it was not until the mid-19th century that it showed great economic impact-the steam engine was widely used in railway, iron and steel smelting, textile and other industries, which greatly improved the production efficiency.

The industrial revolution driven by technology has driven the British economy to take off, but the income distribution brought by growth is extremely uneven. Between 1759 and 1867, the proportion of the richest 5% people in the total income rose from 21% to 37%. In the early days of industrialization, the situation of many ordinary people became worse. Although the per capita income has increased, the income gap between ordinary people and the middle class is widening.

At the same time, some writers and scholars began to criticize machines and factories. Engels believed that the misfortune of the working class was brought about by the factory system. Defenders of mechanization argue that machines are a useful supplement to workers’ labor, and only when machines are popularized can newer and better-paid jobs emerge.

From 1811 to 1816, Luddite came into being. In Leicester, Ned Lourdes, a weaving apprentice, was scolded by his employer and picked up a hammer to smash the textile machine, thus the "Lourdeism" movement with the goal of destroying the machine arose. Luddites usually destroy only those machines that are "innovative" or threaten employment. They have carried out at least 100 separate actions and destroyed about 1,000 of the 25,000 machines.

In response, the British government sent troops to suppress it. In 1812 and 1813, more than 30 Luddites were hanged. The "Captain Swing" riot that broke out in 1830 was mainly aimed at agricultural machines. By the end of September and November, 492 machines were destroyed, most of which were threshers.

During the period of the industrial revolution, Britain was caught in an "Engel-style pause": the employers obtained the profits of enterprises and invested them in factories and machinery, while the wages of workers stagnated or even declined. Until a few decades later, the number of rich people increased, and the income of workers doubled. In the author’s view, this is because in the last decades of the industrial revolution, more complex machines appeared in factories, requiring more skilled workers, and technological changes changed from substitution to enablement, thus improving the bargaining power of skilled workers.

The technological leader of the second industrial revolution was the United States, and "Technology Trap" also projected its attention here. At the World Expo in Paris in 1867, Americans showed their technological progress: from telegraph and sewing machine to harvester and lawn mower. In 1882, Edison’s new york Pearl Street Power Station began to operate, and in the 30 years before the outbreak of World War I, the cost of household lighting decreased by 90%.

Many factories were electrified before 1900. Electric irons (introduced in 1893), vacuum cleaners (1907), washing machines (1907), ovens (1909), refrigerators (1916), dishwashers (1929), dryers (1938) and other electrical appliances have greatly facilitated the lives of American housewives. A large number of women are liberated from heavy housework and can go to work in factories, which not only increases the labor force in the United States, but also increases family income. The book "Fighting Industry: How America Won World War II" shows that during World War II, those civilian industries mobilized by the war and ordinary men and women who were trained in military production made the United States sing a triumphant song in the war and laid a solid foundation for the 30-year prosperity after the war.

On April 26th, 1956, Machlin’s "Ideal -X" began its first voyage from Newark Port to Houston Port, Texas, which was the first successful container shipping in history. Since then, container technology has laid the foundation for the second wave of globalization, which has profoundly changed the trade world. It is also the driving force of Smith-type growth (mainly relying on capital investment to achieve economic growth) and Schumpeter-type growth (increasing efficiency through scientific and technological progress and innovation).

The United States has also encountered the problem of unemployment caused by technology. During franklin roosevelt’s administration, the National Renaissance Administration issued 280 regulations, 36 of which contained restrictions on the installation of new machines. However, at a hearing on the impact of automation in 1955, no one objected to automation, and no one suggested limiting the use of machines. On the whole, technological development has created many new employment opportunities. The United States is not only richer, but also Schumpeter-style growth has made it more equal.

However, this trend was reversed in the 1980s. The wages of people with high school diplomas and below have been declining for more than 30 years, and the computer revolution has made the skills of workers who take care of machines obsolete. Engels-style pause reappeared. In many places, work was replaced by robots, and this area fell into decline. It is precisely because of the decline of the middle class that the number of moderate members in the US Congress has drastically decreased and politics has become polarized-"Conservatism and freedom have almost become synonymous with the Republican Party and the Democratic Party".

In addition, people are still worried that the concentration of wealth will undermine the legitimacy of democracy-high campaign costs will make elected officials more dependent on groups with stronger economic strength.

In the long run, technology will benefit everyone.

For example, in the United States today, the poorest families have also maintained a certain standard of living. However, in recent years, the distribution of benefits brought by computers and artificial intelligence is more biased towards employers. For example, "Technical Trap" says that there are 1.9 million heavy truck drivers and towed trailer drivers in the United States, and people are worried that after the technology of self-driving trucks is mature and put into use, it will bring a large number of layoffs. Once these drivers are replaced and placed in a situation where their careers or incomes are drastically reduced, they are likely to resist such alternative technologies.

03

How to avoid the technical trap?

From the perspective of human history, the prosperity and development of modern society is directly related to technological progress. After the industrial revolution, the development of technology has advanced by leaps and bounds, and everyone is enjoying its fruits-which makes the popularization and use of technology more legitimate.

The book "Technical Trap" shows that computers and artificial intelligence are more inclined to replace. This means that more skilled workers have lost their jobs, and their income will decrease whether they are re-employed or unemployed, which has led to the decline of the American middle class and the resulting political polarization.

Great technological inventions may bring huge economic benefits, but there is usually a long time lag. For example, this is the case with the steam engine invented by Watt. However, people’s life is short, and in these decades or even longer, one generation or even several generations will become the victims of the technical trap. In the previous human history, the displaced workers would resist these technologies, and the government could only restrict the use of new machines through policies for the sake of political stability.

How to avoid the technical trap? The methods proposed in this book include promoting major educational reforms and increasing investment in basic education; Provide retraining for the affected unemployed; Provide wage insurance; Expand the labor income tax credit; Reduce the control of reemployment; Help the unemployed to move to places where they have jobs; Expand housing supply and cancel zoning restrictions; Develop transportation to reduce commuting time; Industrial revival and so on.

It is not difficult to see that the impact of technology trap is not due to technology itself, but to the field of political economy. The distribution of wealth has always been a difficult problem. The United States with low taxes and low welfare and Denmark with high taxes and high welfare have their own advantages and disadvantages. The solution finally put forward in "Technical Trap" is nothing more than a temporary solution, but not a permanent solution.

However, the questions raised in this book are true: new technologies have improved efficiency and promoted economic growth, but for a period of time, some people have suffered losses because of the emergence of new technologies, and this influence is likely to accompany them for life.

However, the pursuit of labor saving and production efficiency is endless. It is difficult to find a perfect solution between technology based on the overall gift of human beings and the damage of some people’s interests, and probably only the lesser of the two evils can be achieved.

Original title: "Technology Trap: Invention and Impact"

Read the original text

　　Beijing, December 15 (Reporter Gao Yining) "Reform and opening up is the key choice to determine the fate of contemporary China, the source of vitality for the development and progress of contemporary China, an important magic weapon for the cause of the party and the people to catch up with the times in great strides, and the only way to persist in and develop Socialism with Chinese characteristics and realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation." General Secretary of the Supreme Leader emphasized at the celebration of the 30th anniversary of Hainan’s establishment of a provincial special economic zone.

　　The reform and opening-up has written a brand-new chapter of the times, achieved a magnificent legend of the East, and paved a road to the revival of China. The eight-episode large-scale political feature film The Only Way, which was jointly produced and filmed by the Central Propaganda Department, the Central Reform Office, the Central Party History and Literature Research Institute, the National Development and Reform Commission, the State Administration of Radio and Television, Xinhua News Agency, the Central Radio and Television General Station and the Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission, was recently broadcast on CCTV. The film reviewed the 40 years of reform and opening up in a panoramic way, laying out a magnificent epic of the country and the nation with a moving story.

　　Once the political film "The Only Way" was broadcast, it triggered a ratings boom and heated discussion among the audience. The audience generally believe that this film is a rare and enlightening work of learning, thinking and education, with lofty ideas, grand themes, essence of historical materials, grand arguments and profound analysis.

　　Expert: Reform and opening up is the road to change.

　　"The political film" The Only Way "is relatively successful in all aspects. It can grasp people’s hearts and grasp the essence of China’s reform and opening up in the past 40 years. It expresses that reform and opening up is the fundamental way to determine China’s fate." As the "dramatist" and audience in the political commentary film The Only Way, Han Qingxiang, a former member of the Central Party School and a first-class professor, was deeply touched by the film.

　　"To commemorate the 40th anniversary of reform and opening up, one of its essentials is to rethink and understand the reform and opening up itself." Han Qingxiang told reporters that 40 years ago, the "reform and opening up" we understood was a reform and opening up that broke through the "Soviet model" and "rigid dogma", a reform and opening up that fought our way out and pioneered a new road, a reform and opening up that liberated and developed the productive forces, and a reform and opening up that had the significance of the second revolution in China.

　　After 40 years of development, China has ushered in a great leap from "standing up" to "getting rich" and then "getting strong". Han Qingxiang said that in the new historical position, what we see more is the "fundamental" significance of reform and opening up in determining the fate of China, that is, it is the "only way" and "fundamental way" to determine the fate of China.

　　"The only way" is to know and understand the reform and opening up from a higher position. The film reveals to us that reform and opening up is a revolutionary road to change, and it is a process that needs to constantly and continuously emancipate the mind, seek truth from facts and then get rid of rigidity. Its essential feature is change. "

　　Han Qingxiang believes that reform and opening up is an indomitable road of struggle. "For us, the implementation of reform and opening up, the establishment of a socialist market economic system, the construction of a socialist modernization power, and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation are actually in ‘ Climb an unexplored steep mountain ’ Take a step back and give up before the meeting, and you can climb to the top of the mountain with a thrilling jump. "

　　According to Tang Aijun, an associate professor at the School of Marxism of the Central Party School, the political film "The Only Way" explores "Where is the China Revolution going?" The enlightenment is to persist in road confidence. The Communist Party of China (CPC) found a correct "only way" to answer "Where is China going" in different periods, which is the Socialism with Chinese characteristics Road.

　　Socialism makes an ancient China glow with vigor and vitality. The 40-year historical journey shows that only reform and opening up can develop China, socialism and Marxism. Guo Jianning, president of Peking University Marxist Institute, also believes that the greatest value and significance of celebrating 40 years of reform and opening up is that we should start from a new historical starting point and further persist in comprehensively deepening reform and opening up.

　　History is a mirror. During his inspection tour in Guangdong, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader stressed: "Summarizing the experience and enlightenment of reform and opening up is not only the best celebration of 40 years of hard exploration and practice, but also provides a powerful impetus for promoting the great cause of Socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era."

　　In Guo Jianning’s view, it is the strong sense of history in The Only Way that brings profound thoughts to the audience. "No matter how far the road goes, you can’t forget the past; No matter how long the road is, you can’t forget why you started. The film combines history with reality and tradition with the new era, which brings a strong shock to people. "

　　"The charm of The Only Way lies in the combination of classics and storytelling." Guo Jianning was the first candidate who resumed the college entrance examination in 1977. From his own experience, this political film also made him feel more deeply that reform and opening up is a key measure to determine the fate of contemporary China, which has changed the fate of many people. "The only way" not only tells the moving story of reform and opening up, but also tells the thought of the supreme leader governing the country. The combination of the two makes the people understand it, and it is more impressive. "

　　Chief Director: It’s no exaggeration to describe the reform and opening up in grand language.

　　"There may be many ways for the world to discuss China’s success, but the evaluation is highly consistent in terms of the significance of China’s success." Xiao Zhensheng, the general director of the political film The Only Way, said in an exclusive interview with reporters that China’s 40 years of reform and opening up were 40 years of hard work, forge ahead, keep pace with the times and embrace the world under the leadership of the Communist Party of China.

　　"Reform and opening up have changed China and affected the world. It is no exaggeration to describe her in any magnificent language. " Xiao Zhensheng said that some people call it the most important event since the 20th century, others call it the miracle of the East, and others say it is the heaviest historical chapter of the world socialist movement in the past 500 years. Since the industrial revolution, there has never been a country like China that brought nearly 1.4 billion people into middle-income countries in just 40 years, and it was not through colonization or war.

　　What kind of brand-new course has China embarked on as a "key choice" of reform and opening up? How does this "source of vitality" inspire a steady stream of power for 40 years? How does this "important magic weapon" push China to make a great leap from "standing up" to "getting rich" and "getting strong"? Where did this "only way" come from and where will it take China? In Xiao Zhensheng’s view, in the celebration of 40 years of reform and opening up, as a national television station, we have the responsibility to give our answers to these questions of history and the times. This is the original intention of creating the political film The Only Way.

　　Xiao Zhensheng said, "The broadcast of this political feature film will further enhance people’s confidence and determination to carry out reform and opening up to the end under the guidance of the supreme leader Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era."

　　Audience: The people are the biggest beneficiaries of reform and opening up.

　　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "The people’s yearning for a better life is our goal." "Fully demonstrate the gold content of the reform plan and let the people have more sense of gain." The 40th anniversary of China’s reform and opening-up, history is the best witness, and the people are the biggest beneficiaries.

　　"From the development of agriculture to the reform of state-owned enterprises, from the reform of economic system to the accession to the WTO and now to the manufacturing in China, I can see my blood boiling." Talking about the feeling of watching The Only Way, Yang Miaomiao, the bus driver, opened his mouth to reporters. "My parents are both born after 50. They have all experienced natural disasters for three years, and they have all tasted the taste of being hungry. They have saved money all their lives and often told me how to think hard. The great changes in people’s lives brought about by the reform and opening up described in the political commentary film are obvious to all. "

　　As a traffic person, Yang Miaomiao has paid special attention to the development of traffic in China since the reform and opening up. Yang Miaomiao said, "My hometown of Bengbu is ‘ The city pulled by the train ’ , is an important transportation hub in northern Anhui. I remember when I was a child, I went to Beijing and took a green leather train and crashed for a long time. After the reform and opening-up, T63 was opened, and the morning and evening dawned. Nowadays, taking a high-speed train to take a trip has long been the most popular way to travel. "

　　"The 40 years of reform and opening up are also 40 years of restoration and reconstruction of procuratorial organs." As a post-70 s, Guo Yanping, the head of the unchecked department of Jianghan District People’s Procuratorate in Wuhan, witnessed the changes brought about by the reform and opening up to the people, and also witnessed the innovative development of the procuratorial cause. "New era and new journey, as prosecutors, we will never forget our initial intentions, forge ahead and write a new chapter in procuratorial work."

　　For Vagrancy, a student of Wuhan University, the political film "The Only Way" is different from ordinary textbooks. It uses a large number of historical materials and cases, and uses the language of sound and pictures to review the development process since the reform and opening up.

　　"From women workers in textile mills to oil workers in oil fields, everyone of them is ‘ Oriental giant ’ I have dedicated my strength today. " Vagrancy mentioned to reporters that the story of two generations’ youthful blood for Chengdu-Chongqing high-speed railway made her feel the great change of China’s speed, and also reminded people that behind this, there is the hard work and sweat paid by the builders of the Republic.

　　Talking about the fact that reform and opening up have injected great power and vitality into the development of civil aviation industry, Cheng Xiaoyun from Anhui Air Traffic Control Branch of Civil Aviation told reporters that every development of civil aviation air traffic control system in the past 40 years has been a qualitative leap from initial visual flight to instrument flight, from program control to radar control, from single runway to double runway and multi-runway operation.

　　The 40 years of reform and opening-up are also the 40 years of all-round development of China’s manufacturing industry. As the leader of China’s construction machinery industry, Xugong Group has witnessed the development and expansion of China’s manufacturing industry with the growth of the Republic. According to Jiang Nan, secretary of the Party Committee of Xugong Import and Export Corporation, emancipating the mind to promote high-quality development, persisting in the road of internationalization and contributing a world-class brand from China to the world are the due contributions made by China manufacturing enterprises to realize the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　Sinochem, a state-owned enterprise with a history of nearly 70 years, is the builder, participant and beneficiary of China’s reform and opening up. Han Bing, vice president of Sinochem Energy Co., Ltd. believes that for state-owned enterprises, to build a world-class enterprise, it is necessary to further integrate into the trend of national reform and opening up and start a new long March of deepening reform.

　　Zhang Zhijuan, a propaganda member of Xiaguan Town, Dali City, Yunnan Province, also expressed his experience in watching "The Only Way". "Reform and opening up have witnessed the changes of the times and the reform process of the ecological relocation of Erhai Lake. It is our unshirkable responsibility to vigorously promote the concept of ecological civilization construction in the new era and protect the Erhai Lake. "

Huawei’s active audio in the world M7 is quite good.

The whole vehicle is equipped with 19 speakers, 5 bass, 5 midrange, 5 treble, and 4 at the headrest of the driver’s seat. This configuration allows the sound system to produce balanced sound at all frequencies.

The center part has independent midrange and tweeter speakers, which can let the front passengers hear more music details.

Huawei’s audio system has strong decoding ability and rich music ecology, and all kinds of music can be played well.

There are two modes of headrest speaker: dedicated mode and private mode. In the dedicated mode, the driver can hear navigation prompts more clearly, while in the private mode, the driver can enjoy music alone without disturbing other people in the car.

In equalizer tuning, there are four preset modes. No matter whether you like different music styles such as pop, rock, classical or jazz, you can find a suitable mode to make music more suitable for your taste.

The sense of space in cinema mode is great, which is better than that in concert hall mode and can bring users an immersive listening experience. When watching a movie, it seems that you are in the movie scene, and the sound is coming from all directions, which is particularly substitutive.

For the average user, the original Huawei audio of Wenjie M7 is enough to meet the daily needs. Usually listening to radio and pop songs can have a good sound quality.

If you have a higher pursuit of sound quality, you can also consider installing a high-power DSP amplifier to further improve the sound quality. After installation, the sound will be more layered, the bass will be more shocking, and the treble will be more transparent, which will bring more extreme music enjoyment.

In a word, Huawei Active Audio of M7 in the world performs well in both hardware configuration and functional mode, and can bring users a high-quality listening experience. Whether it is for daily use or pursuing higher sound quality, it has a good choice.

(Photo/Text/Photo: Pacific Auto is organized on the Internet)

Original yuki & Luqi ‘an Chihuo Institute

Mala Tang, a well-known snack, occupies a place in many people’s hearts. Northeast Mala Tang, Sichuan-Chongqing Mala Tang … Different factions of Mala Tang have their own characteristics and fans, just like fairy fights.

And the hottest mala Tang recently, but also the number of Gansu mala Tang. On the internet, it’s like a dark horse that suddenly comes out, and everyone is in a hurry. Gansu people just want to say: Gansu mala Tang has finally been seen by everyone!

Gansu hot spicy dip yi yi pai she

Gansu people who are away from home, the first thing to do when they go home is not to eat beef noodles, but to eat malatang. Because beef noodles can be eaten anywhere, but Gansu mala Tang can only be eaten when you return to Gansu.

Gansu hot spicy dip and spicy rice noodles.

01

Gansu hot spicy dip

/Potato flour and oil chili pepper is the soul/

In the world of spicy food in Gansu, there are two indispensable elements-potato flour and pepper fragrance. The two are integrated with each other to create a unique Gansu mala Tang.

Gansu hot spicy dip yi yi pai she

Gansu is rich in potatoes, among which Dingxi is the most famous potato.

The potato produced in Dingxi is Huang Cancan and round, which is called a golden and bright potato. It is also known as "the golden pimple in the yellow land". Moreover, Dingxi potato has high starch content, sufficient viscosity and good fusion. It can be used only with potatoes and water, and it is not suitable for processing into powder.

The potato powder made of Dingxi potatoes is naturally milky white, and it will not muddy the soup after being cooked for a long time, and the entrance is smooth and strong, so you can feel the full chewiness between chewing. The most commendable thing is the juice-hanging ability of this kind of powder. Before eating, soak it in the soup, soak up the fresh and fragrant soup in mala Tang, and then wrap it in chili pepper. It is really "spicy, smooth, strong, thorough, fragrant and refreshing".

On the right is a shot of fine potato powder.

Just like Lanzhou beef noodles have two fine, capillary and leek leaves, Gansu potato powder can also be divided into fine powder, leek leaf powder and large width, which fully considers the needs of diners.

Big width powder picture from the idea of the worm.

Moreover, in the Mala Tang restaurant in Gansu, you can order a spicy powder, pick up a piece of powder and eat it. The fragrance is confused!

Spicy rice noodles, sizzling and shooting

In the seasoning of Gansu Mala Tang, pepper is an indispensable part.

When I first saw Gansu Mala Tang, I was often shocked by the red chili pepper in the bowl. After I tasted it, I found that Gansu Mala Tang was very red, but it was fragrant, and it was the kind of spicy that slowly poured into the taste buds.

Hongtongtong’s Hot Spicy Dip Yiyiyipai

People in the northwest like spicy food, and each family has its own formula of paste pepper.

Grinding different varieties of dried peppers into flour, adding a proper amount of spiced powder, salt, sugar, white sesame seeds, etc., and finally just pouring hot oil, the fragrance locked in red chili pepper can be stimulated to the extreme, and the pepper is full of fragrance, and the spicy taste is strong without losing the sense of hierarchy, and the taste buds can be grasped instantly, which makes people unforgettable.

Gansu hot spicy dip yi yi pai she

There is no milk, sesame sauce or sugar in the soup base of Gansu Mala Tang. Only broth or bone soup is used. After a long period of boiling, supplemented by various seasonings, the soup base is clean and not muddy, and it pays attention to a "non-sticky mouth".

Shooting the soup of boiling hot spicy dip.

The most irresistible thing is the preparation of small ingredients for Gansu Mala Tang.

Fried peanuts and pickled mustard tuber are accompanied by Chili flavor, and a variety of flavors are wrapped around the tips of lips and teeth, which makes the taste of mala Tang more abundant. There are also some stores in Lanzhou that will add sour radish, which is very boring.

The Q-bomb of vermicelli, the richness of seasoning, the crispness of peanuts, and the fragrance of pepper … all the flavors are intertwined, forming an indescribable wonderful taste. It is no wonder that a bowl of hot Gansu Mala Tang can make countless Gansu wanderers dream about it.

Shooting on a small feeding table

Gansu province is long and narrow from east to west, so the mala Tang in different regions is also slightly different. Zhangye Mala Tang, which is quite popular in recent years, has added "sweet noodle sauce" to its sauce, which is sweet and spicy to eat. But if you want to ask which Gansu Mala Tang is the best, Gansu people will only answer you that the Mala Tang in their hometown is the best.

According to my colleague in Gansu, it was originally a Sichuanese who came to Jiayuguan to open a mala Tang restaurant. She grew up eating the first mala Tang restaurant. Sichuan Mala Tang took root in Gansu, and was further localized and improved, and finally developed into what it is today.

02

Sichuan hot spicy dip

/Snacks from the street to the table/

When it comes to mala Tang, Sichuan is absolutely unavoidable. After all, this is the birthplace of mala Tang.

As for how Sichuan Mala Tang came into being, there are many opinions, one of which is the most widespread and credible: in the 1980s and 1990s, the individual economy began to flourish, and street stalls put food slices on bamboo sticks for sale. Set up a pot next to it, rinse and cook it in the spicy soup base, and then dip it in. It’s cheap and charges by signing. This is the original form of mala Tang.

The original mala Tang was signed | The picture comes from the idea of the worm.

This small-scale business has strong reproducibility, low entry threshold, more and more employees, and some changes in form-from the initial street snacks into the store, it has become a dinner, cooked by yourself, served with oil dishes, and the variety of ingredients is also richer. In addition to the improvement in form, Mala Tang has gradually expanded from Leshan, the original birthplace, to Chengdu, and has a new name-"string string".

Today’s hand-held skewers are close to the original mala Tang eating method, and most of them are put out on the street in the middle of the night. After selecting the dishes, the boss will use a clip to fix the skewers on the edge of the pot and cook them. After the pot is put out, sprinkle chopped green onion and coriander as you like.

The picture comes from the idea of the worm.

Mala Tang and skewers are so similar that although I am a Sichuanese, I once thought they were the same thing, but they were called by different names, and eating them in my mouth was similar. Actually, their boundaries are really blurred, and you don’t have to worry too much when eating-delicious is the most important thing.

In the past, the roadside stalls in Beijing were also cooked with skewers in the soup base, and they were always hot. Pick out what you want to eat, and the boss will take the ingredients off the label and mix the seasoning, so you can eat it.

Roadside stall mala Tang | Image from the idea of the worm

Antimony pot mala Tang and plate mala Tang, which have emerged in recent two or three years, are mixed with dry dishes made of bean powder, Chili noodles and garlic paste, and their tastes reproduce the delicious and spicy memories of many Sichuanese children.

Pan Pan Mala Tang | Image from the idea of the worm

Cold pot string and maocai are also products derived from the deformation of "mala Tang-string".

Cold pot strings are cooked and served in soup. Although there is the word "cold" in the name, it is actually hot, the food is hot, the soup is hot, and only the pot containing the food is cold (actually at room temperature).

Cold pot string | Image from the idea of the worm

Maocai, on the other hand, abandoned "signing" and added some small bowls of dishes to choose from on the basis of mala Tang. You can choose beef, rabbit loin, brain flower, thousand layers of belly and other ingredients separately.

Beef | Image from the idea of the worm

Maocai can also be sold with rice, which is well-prepared and active in the streets in the form of fast food, providing many office workers with fast and rich lunch choices.

Maocai with rice | Image from the idea of the worm

03

Northeast hot spicy dip

/delicious after localization/

Mala Tang bloomed in the northwest, a spicy flower of Gansu Mala Tang. It can also go to the northeast, adapt to local conditions, improve and evolve into a brand-new genre-Northeast Mala Tang.

At that time, with the tide of laid-off, the small business of Mala Tang borrowed from Sichuan began to take root in the land of Northeast China.

In the choice of ingredients, most of the meat dishes in Sichuan Mala Tang are animals in the water, such as county liver, duck intestines, hairy belly, county handle, rabbit waist, etc. When they come to the northeast, the meat dishes are mostly meat slices and various balls. On the staple food, Northeast Mala Tang has also added corn flour, beef tendon noodles, potato flour, rice cakes, fried dough sticks and rich bean products according to local tastes.

Northeast Mala Tang | Image from the idea of the worm

When Mala Tang first entered the Northeast, it basically maintained the original heavy oil and spicy flavor, but later it was improved with the local taste, and the overall taste was more salty and spicy. This is the old-fashioned Mala Tang in the Northeast, and it is also the first and most popular form of Mala Tang after it came to the Northeast for localization.

Old-fashioned hot spicy dip

Nowadays, there are many hot "Northeast Sticky Mala Tang" on the Internet, and a large iron spoon of sesame sauce and peanut butter almost covers the whole bowl surface, giving people a strong visual impact.

Sticky mala Tang | Image from Xiaohongshu @ Occasionally Ungentle Sandwich Sister

In addition to the improved version of mala Tang, there is also a popular version of mala Tang in Northeast China.

Vegetables, meatballs, staple foods, mushrooms, etc. are cooked, drained, and then mixed with seasonings to eat. The optional flavors of spicy-hot mix are richer than those of spicy-hot mix, spicy, sour-sweet, sour-spicy and sweet-spicy, especially the sweet-sour mouth. Adding more vinegar and sugar to the spicy mix is very "Northeast"!

Spicy mix | Image from the idea of the worm

Many non-Northeast partners’ knowledge of Northeast Mala Tang mostly comes from two famous chain restaurants: Sean Mala Tang and Yang Guofu Mala Tang. These two brands not only took the Northeast Mala Tang out of the Northeast, but also promoted the iconic bone soup and milk soup base to the whole country.

Sean and Yang Guofu have actually opened many stores in Sichuan in recent years. This phenomenon is quite interesting. Mala Tang went out of Sichuan and returned to Sichuan after being improved in the northeast. When miscellaneous sauce noodles, a popular Chinese food in South Korea, were returned to China for sale, they were regarded as Korean food, which had the same effect.

Yang Guofu Mala Tang | Image from the idea of the worm

With the popularity of Gansu Mala Tang rising, many places outside Gansu are gearing up to open Gansu Mala Tang shops, and there are also many fast food versions available online. People who can’t go to Gansu, but are greedy for spicy food in Gansu, may be able to solve the pain of lovesickness-but there is no guarantee that they will be delicious in Gansu.

If you eat delicious Gansu Mala Tang in Beijing, be sure to tell me, because I want to eat it so much.

What kind of mala Tang do you like?

Original title: "Gansu Mala Tang (chewing), why is it so fragrant (chewing)? 》

Read the original text

　　Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, December 29th　Question: Help? An accomplice! -Behind the case of electric fraud, beware of the trap of "helping the letter"

　　Xinhua News Agency reporter Lu Chang

　　At present, all kinds of telecommunication network fraud show the characteristics of complete chain and clear division of labor, which increases the confusion of fraud and the difficulty of preventing and cracking down. Among them, some people engage in false account registration, mobile phone and bank card opening, buying and selling or providing "services" such as "receiving codes" and "running points", some knowingly commit crimes, some covet small profits, and finally embark on the road of illegality or even crime. Since the beginning of this year, according to the deployment of the "Net Net 2021" special action of the Ministry of Public Security, Beijing police have cracked many cases suspected of helping information network criminal activities (hereinafter referred to as "helping the letter crime"). The reporter will take you to understand what "helping the letter crime" is and how to avoid falling into the trap.

　　Three types of "letter-helping" activities are on the rise.

　　According to the data of the main cases handled by the national procuratorial organs from January to September recently released by the Supreme People’s Procuratorate, the crime of helping the letter ranked fourth, with a total of 79,307 people, up 21.3 times year-on-year. Legal experts pointed out that this aspect reflects that telecommunication network fraud is still very rampant in the emerging stage; On the other hand, while cracking down on illegal crimes of telecommunication network fraud, the judicial organs have strengthened the crackdown on the related crime of helping the letter. With the investment of a large number of judicial resources, the number of public prosecutions of the crime of helping the letter has also increased significantly.

　　The full name of "helping the letter crime" is "helping the information network criminal activities", which is an additional crime in the criminal law based on the traditional theory of joint crime. The reporter combed the cases cracked by the Beijing police and found that the current three types of illegal crimes suspected of "helping the letter" are outstanding.

　　-helping overseas fraud gangs "run points" to launder money. From April to early September this year, the criminal suspect Chang hired many people to use overseas social software to receive the money transfer task list of upstream criminal suspects in a house in Shijingshan. After receiving the order, the gang members used two platforms with servers located overseas to transfer the stolen money to the next bank card, and the daily "running points" amounted to several million yuan. According to the introduction of Shijingshan Public Security Bureau, when the gang was destroyed, it was found that the gang had specially prepared a generator to prevent the unexpected power outage in the hidden dens from affecting the order. The gang members have been criminally detained according to law.

　　—— Illegally obtaining and providing batch social media accounts and "unsealing" banned accounts for fraud gangs. Among the gangs suspected of "helping the letter" destroyed by Haidian Public Security Bureau, many suspects have registered a dating App account in batches through illegal technical means since October last year, and sold it to overseas fraud gangs to implement "killing pig plates" fraud, with a total profit of more than 1.4 million yuan; In another case, criminal gangs provided the service of "unsealing" the social media accounts involved in the case and sending fraudulent information emails in groups. In various ways, they enabled downstream fraudsters to use the same number to commit crimes multiple times. Statistics show that the above two cases are related to more than 700 cases of electric fraud nationwide, involving a total amount of 53.2 million yuan.

　　-Provide "service" for sending and receiving SMS verification codes. In a case of criminal activities suspected of helping information network uncovered by Miyun Public Security Bureau, the suspect Wang took advantage of his position to purchase more than 2,000 real-name telephone cards from construction sites and other recruitment units at the price of one in 30 yuan all over the country, providing others with illegal acts of receiving verification codes. According to the reporter’s understanding, through "receiving code", a large number of social App accounts can be registered in a short time, and power supply fraud gangs can be used for scams such as "killing pig plates".

　　Some people are cheated for small profits, while others knowingly commit crimes.

　　The reporter learned that some lawless elements used profits as bait to induce some people to open cards, or claimed to handle bank cards and corporate accounts at high prices. Some people were greedy for "into the pit" for small profits, and after the criminals were arrested for "helping the letter", they also entered the disciplinary list.

　　Zhang Na (pseudonym), 25 years old, was told by the company that the bank card he provided as a salary card was frozen when he went through the entry formalities. According to Zhang Na’s memory, this card was tricked into "acting as an agent" when she was in college. At that time, a total of five cards were opened, and she got 300 yuan money herself. Judging from the bank flow they collected, the transaction funds of these bank cards were transferred away on the same day after entering. An experienced anti-fraud policeman told reporters that this situation was obviously used for telecommunication network fraud and became a "tool person". "Freezing the bank card is not the main problem. She is likely to be included in the disciplinary list, which will have a great impact on her life." The policeman said.

　　In the interview, the reporter found that some gangs used the qualification of value-added telecommunications services to "sell dog meat by hanging sheep’s heads" and engaged in electric fraud activities with their landline numbers. In the case detected by Haidian Public Security Bureau, a company connected lines and contracted more than 20,000 landline numbers on the grounds of setting up a call center. However, the company used the obtained landline number to sublet for profit, and did not stop the illegal behavior after the relevant units repeatedly warned. On November 10 this year, the police carried out the network-closing operation, and arrested 13 suspects including the legal representative of the company, Wang Moumou, and initially verified that the company’s landline number involved more than 200 telecom network fraud cases nationwide.

　　Strengthen warning propaganda and continue to strike accurately.

　　The public security police and legal practitioners interviewed believe that it is necessary to further strengthen the propaganda on typical cases of "helping the letter", profoundly reveal the harm of telecommunication network fraud, strengthen warning education, especially for school students and labor-intensive employment enterprises, improve the people’s awareness and ability to prevent telecommunication network fraud, and build a solid barrier to prevent and crack down on telecommunication network fraud.

　　In addition, the reporter combed a number of public judgment documents and found that the crime of "helping the letter" takes the unemployed as the main criminal group in the defendant’s occupation. These defendants received "card receiving" advertisements posted by social platforms or friends, and used their personal information to handle bank cards at prices ranging from 200 yuan to 2,000 yuan, and then sold them to others, who used them for telecommunication network fraud. Therefore, the Internet social platform needs to establish a security compliance system and a closed-loop risk management system for evaluation, prevention, audit and discovery, and governance, so as to provide early warning and pre-disposal of all kinds of illegal information at the first time.

　　Respondents said that the illegal operation of "two cards" has a very serious impact on the occurrence of telecommunication network fraud cases, and it is necessary to further promote the "broken card" action to curb the high incidence of telecommunication network fraud cases. At the same time, we will severely punish a number of institutions and industries with outstanding problems involved in the case, focusing on strengthening law enforcement inspection and urging rectification.

On November 15th, BMW China announced the launch of a brand-new pure electric BMW i4 sedan. As a mid-term modified model, the new car has been mainly adjusted in appearance and interior. The new BMW i4 continues the design style of the current model, with vertical double arrow LED daytime running lights on the front face, and the light source arrangement in the headlight group has changed. In the rear part, the new BMW i4 will use a newly designed laser taillight, which was first used on the BMW M4 CSL high-performance model, and has multiple L-shaped decorative lines crossed and combined, showing a certain three-dimensional effect.

In terms of interior, the new BMW i4 continues the curved dual-screen layout of the current model, consisting of a 12.3-inch digital instrument and a 14.9-inch infotainment screen, matching the BMW iDrive 8.5 operating system and supporting the interconnection of Apple CarPlay mobile phones. The functions of air conditioning temperature/air volume, seat and steering wheel heating of new cars can be controlled by display screen or voice. Ambient lights are added at the air outlet of the air conditioner under the central control panel, and the vehicle also uses a new style of flat-bottomed three-spoke steering wheel and a new color matching structure seat. The suggested retail price of eDrive35 and eDrive40 of the new pure electric BMW i4 sedan is 429,900 yuan and 469,900 yuan respectively.

Just yesterday, the Russian-Ukrainian war lasted for 1000 days.

At first, the whole world should not have expected that this geopolitical conflict would last so long.

From "blitzkrieg" to "protracted war", the peace talks between Russia and Ukraine seem to be quite far away, and it is likely to enter a dangerous new stage.

Yesterday, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a new version of the nuclear doctrine; Ukraine used American-made missiles to attack targets in Russia for the first time, and the G7 still declared that it would continue to be quite Ukraine.

The global political situation is ups and downs

On February 24, 2022, Russian President Vladimir Putin announced a special military operation in the Donbass region, and the whole territory of Ukraine entered a wartime state and broke diplomatic relations with Russia.

The conflict between Russia and Ukraine officially broke out.

Since then, Russia’s "blitzkrieg" failed, and the timeline of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine began to lengthen, which continues to this day.

Although the war between the two sides was once anxious, Russia was "unstoppable" and Ukraine also launched a big counterattack. However, under the agitation of western forces, it is still difficult for Russia and Ukraine to hold peace talks.

In the early morning of 19th local time, the Ukrainian army used six American Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS) missiles for the first time to attack targets in Russia.

On the same day, Putin signed a new version of the basic policy of Russia’s nuclear deterrent country. The new policy expands the scope of countries and military alliances where Russia can implement nuclear deterrence.

In the past two years, in addition to the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, many battlefields in the Middle East have also been ignited.

The Palestinian-Israeli conflict, the Iraq-Israel conflict, the lebanon war and the Red Sea crisis … "The powder keg in the Middle East" was ignited at the same time.

Statistics show that since the new round of Palestinian-Israeli conflict broke out on October 7 last year, 43,972 Palestinians have been killed and 104,008 injured in Israeli military operations in the Gaza.

It is noteworthy that this year is also a global election year, and Russia and the United States have successively held presidential elections.

In March this year, Russian President Vladimir Putin was re-elected and began his next six-year presidency, which is also his fifth presidency.

In his inaugural speech, Putin stressed that the interests and security of the Russian people are above everything else, and he will devote himself to safeguarding national unity and stability.

In November, the ups and downs of the American election were settled. Trump will officially take office in January next year and become the 47th president of the United States.

At present, for the current President Biden, there is not much time left for him, because Trump 2.0 declares that he will never wage war.

Therefore, since the end of the general election, the fighting on the Russian-Ukrainian front has become more tense with the naked eye.

Financial market turmoil

Whether it is the war between Russia and Ukraine or the battlefield in the Middle East, it has been stirring the nerves of the global market.

The most obvious is:Global risk aversion is heating up.

In the past two years, gold has skyrocketed. This year, spot gold peaked at $2,790 per ounce, and COMEX gold futures topped $2,800 per ounce.

According to the statistics of the World Gold Council, since 2024, the price of gold has hit a new high for more than 30 times.

Since the outbreak of Russia and Ukraine, the cumulative increase of spot gold has exceeded 37%.

Although the dollar has returned strongly since Trump won the election in November, the price of gold has been adjusted back for more than half a month. However, with the escalation of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the price of gold seems to be making a comeback.

Wall Street is now bullish on gold prices, and UBS, Goldman Sachs and Bank of America have said that gold will go further.

UBS analysts said that gold will further rise to $2,950 per ounce by the end of 2026; Goldman Sachs also shouted "buy gold", with a target of $3,000 by the end of next year; Bank of America also said that before Trump took office, he would focus on China and European stock markets and gold.

Safe-haven demand pushed US debt higher, the yield curve leveled off and the panic index climbed.

On Tuesday, the panic index VIX rose 4.94% to 16.35. The yield of US 10-year treasury bonds fell by 0.43% to close at 4.399%, which was 11.4 basis points lower than that of two-year treasury bonds.

Eurozone bonds rose and European stock markets fell to their lowest level since August. The yield of British 10-year government bonds fell by 2.3 basis points to 4.442%, while that of German 10-year government bonds fell by 3.6 basis points to 2.338%.

crude oilOn the other hand, the escalation of geopolitical tensions has supported oil prices, and WTI crude oil futures prices closed slightly higher on Tuesday.

foreign exchangeIn the market, the demand for safe-haven currencies such as Japanese yen and Swiss franc has increased, and the intraday fluctuation of USD/JPY is particularly severe.

In addition, with the impact of Trump 2.0 policy expectations,Virtual currency is also rising.A few days ago, Bitcoin hit another record high, reaching 93,844 US dollars, rising more than 3% in 24 hours.

Jeffrey Ding, chief analyst of HashKey Group, said that Bitcoin stands at $90,000, and there is still room for growth in the future.

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