Photo courtesy of vision china

　　Beauty cosmetics guide to avoiding pits

　　Reporter Jin Feng

　　If you want something beautiful, how can you do it without skin care and makeup? In the eyes of many beauty experts, today’s skin care and makeup process is not just as simple as "washing your face and applying a cream", but involves a series of steps such as cleansing, toner, cream and essence.

　　Before these operations, the quality of the product is the most important thing. In order to identify the quality of the product, there are various methods circulating on the Internet: "Facial cleanser is baked with fire, and if it is splashed with oil or baked more and more like yogurt, the safety factor is not high." "Shake toner, if there is less foam, it means less nutrients." "Put salt on lipstick and rub it. If there are black particles, it means that the content of lead and mercury exceeds the standard, never buy it. … Can these seemingly simple "earthworks" help us polish our eyes, and how can we choose the products that suit us?

　　Improper operation: baking facial cleanser with fire and spilling oil are not safe.

　　Positive solution: oil spills are caused by oily components or emulsifiers.

　　"Roasting with fire will spill oil, or the more it is roasted, the more it looks like yogurt, which does not explain the quality of facial cleanser." Chi Bo, a professor at the School of Food and Light Industry of Nanjing University of Technology and the State Key Laboratory of Material Chemical Engineering, told the Science and Technology Daily reporter that splashing oil when baking facial cleanser with fire can only prove that there are oily ingredients or emulsifiers in facial cleanser.

　　Chi Bo said that some facial cleansers with strong cleaning power and more soap-based surfactants will add some grease or emulsifier. Grease can reduce the degreasing power of soap-based surfactants and make facial cleansers softer to use. This facial cleanser will spill oil if baked with fire, but it does not mean that it is unsafe to use this facial cleanser.

　　As for why facial cleanser is baked more and more like yogurt, it is related to the formula of facial cleanser. Chi Bo said that some facial cleansers have high fineness, and the water evaporates after baking, and the molecular structure of the emulsifier has not been destroyed, so it will be very sticky, but this can only prove that its emulsification system is relatively stable and the facial cleanser will be stored for a relatively long time.

　　Since the method of identifying the quality of facial cleanser by fire roasting is not reliable, how to judge the efficacy of facial cleanser? "After using a good facial cleanser, the face is not tight." Chi Bo said, "In particular, it is not recommended for people with sensitive skin to use facial cleanser that makes the skin feel tight, because it will remove the oil that acts as a barrier on the skin surface."

　　Xu Yang, deputy chief physician of jiangsu province hospital Dermatology Department, also said that the main function of facial cleanser is cleaning. After cleansing, the skin is not tight, moist and dehydrated. If you want to moisturize the skin, you might as well use facial cleanser containing moisturizing ingredients such as glycerin and allantoin.

　　In addition, the pH value of facial cleanser is preferably weakly acidic. "The pH value of skin is about 4.1— 5.8, and the pH value on the market is 6-mdash; Facial cleanser between 7 can be used, and the pH value can be measured with test paper. Although the degreasing of alkaline or soap-based facial cleanser is better, if it is too alkaline, it may affect the pH value of the skin. " Xu Yang said that after the change of skin pH value, it will cause changes in skin flora. If the pH value increases, it will form an environment conducive to the growth of some skin bacteria such as propionibacterium acnes, thus increasing the probability of acne on the skin.

　　Chi Bo suggested that for people with oily skin, you can use soap-based facial cleanser containing dodecyl and laurate, but you should also beware of excessive cleaning and damage to skin oil. Excessive cleaning will make the skin dry and tight, and it will also open the pores completely, which will increase the chance of contact with germs and lead to skin allergies. People with neutral and sensitive skin are more suitable for facial cleanser containing amino acids and olive oil lipids.

　　Inclined operation: shake the toner, and there are many nutrients in the foam.

　　Positive solution: the content of surfactant determines the amount of foam

　　After washing your face, especially in hot summer, pat a little toner on your face, and a refreshing feeling will come to your face. So how to identify the advantages and disadvantages of toner? Some netizens suggested shaking the toner. If there is less foam, it means less nutrients. Is that true?

　　"The content of nutrients has nothing to do with the amount of foam." For this method circulating on the Internet, Chi Bo said that many ingredients in the toner will not produce foam, such as vitamin C, plant extract, salicylic acid and so on.

　　Xu Yang said that the ingredients in toner are both water-soluble and fat-soluble, such as hyaluronic acid and fruit acid, which are water-soluble ingredients, and glycerol and salicylic acid, which are fat-soluble. Surfactants need to be added to dissolve fat-soluble ingredients in water. Surfactants can cause foam when shaking, but surfactants do not affect the nutrition of toner.

　　Chi Bo further introduced: "In the production of toner, sometimes in order to dissolve essence and essential oil in water, it is necessary to add surfactant, which can increase the surface tension of the liquid, make all the substances evenly blend and form an oil-in-water system, so that various substances are not easy to delaminate and the storage time is longer."

　　How much foam you shake out can’t judge the substance content, so how to choose the toner that suits you?

　　Xu Yang said that the function of toner is mainly to moisturize and soften the stratum corneum. However, the use of toner should vary from person to person. People with oily skin can use some toner that softens the cuticle or contains alcohol. For people with sensitive skin, it is not recommended to use toner containing alcohol, fruit acid and salicylic acid easily. "Fruit acid and high concentration salicylic acid have exfoliating effect, etc. It is not recommended for people with thin cuticle." She suggested that for people with sensitive skin, if you can’t identify which toner is useful to you, you can use lotion or moisturizer directly without caution.

　　Inclined operation: the emulsion enters the water, but floats on the water surface and contains oilstone ester.

　　Positive solution: Sinking and floating surfaces are mainly determined by density.

　　An emulsion that looks as pure as milk is moisturizing and moisturizing. If a few drops are squeezed and dissolved in water, some emulsions float on the water surface and some emulsions sink into the water. Some emulsion identification methods circulating recently believe that the emulsion floats on the water surface, indicating that it contains oleoresin, which will harm the skin. Is this statement reliable?

　　Regardless of ups and downs, it can’t prove whether the emulsion will harm the skin. Xu Yang said that emulsion is generally composed of oil, emulsifier, preservative, perfume, excipient for adjusting pH value, etc. The density of the emulsion is determined by different preparation formulas and processes, and whether the emulsion floats on the water is determined by the density of the emulsion. If the density is greater than water, the emulsion will sink, otherwise it will float on the water. However, it can’t be said in general that the emulsion floating on the water will hurt the skin, which depends on the specific components and proportions.

　　Chi Bo believes that emulsions containing more oils are easier to float on the water surface. Most of these oils are light oils, such as mineral oils. The amount of oils will affect the skin feel and moisturizing strength of emulsions. Healthy skin is water-oil balance, and the best way to keep skin healthy is to protect the barrier function of skin. Too light and too thick emulsion is not suitable.

　　If you want to choose a suitable emulsion, you can also pay more attention to the ingredient list. Xu Yang believes that the most important function of lotions and creams is moisturizing. If you need anti-aging, you can choose an emulsion with substances such as alcohol A, vitamin C, vitamin E and peptides. Sensitive skin needs some emulsions that have anti-allergic effect and can repair the water-oil barrier, such as those with ceramide, purslane extract and licorice extract, which have certain anti-inflammatory effects. The emulsion containing vitamin C, arbutin, tranexamic acid and other substances is suitable for people who need whitening. Salicylic acid, fruit acid, almond acid and other substances can help fine pores and fight acne.

　　Oblique operation: rubbing salt on lipstick turns black, indicating that it contains lead and mercury.

　　Positive solution: The content of related substances can only be detected after nitration with strong acid.

　　Choosing a powerful lipstick will not only make your lips full and shiny, but also make your whole face feel makeup. Some netizens said, put salt on lipstick and rub it. If there are black particles, it means that the lead and mercury content exceeds the standard, so don’t buy it.

　　In this regard, Qu Mei, a senior engineer of the National Cosmetics Quality Supervision and Inspection Center, responded: "Not reliable." One of Qu Mei’s daily work is to check the quality of all kinds of cosmetics.

　　She said that whether the quality of a lipstick meets the standard needs to be reflected by its lead, arsenic, mercury, cadmium and total number of colonies, mold and yeast, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and other conventional indicators. To complete this detection process, it needs to go through a set of chemical experiments.

　　"When testing, we weigh the lipstick, add strong acid, and then heat it with an electric furnace. The strong acid will fully decompose the chemical composition of lipstick. Then put them in a high-temperature boiling furnace and burn them for several hours to remove all the organic substances in the lipstick, leaving inorganic substances. After dissolving inorganic substances, the contents of lead, arsenic, mercury and cadmium in cosmetics can be detected by atomic absorption or atomic fluorescence. Therefore, it is impossible to decompose lead and mercury just by adding salt at room temperature. " Qu Mei told the Science and Technology Daily reporter that lead, arsenic, mercury and cadmium are all prohibited ingredients in the production of cosmetics. The prohibited mercury can make the skin appear whitening in the short term, but lipstick has no short-term whitening demand, so there is no need to add it. The test results of cosmetics center for many years show that no samples of lipstick containing excessive mercury are found, so consumers don’t have to worry.

　　What are the black particles produced by the friction between salt and lipstick in the online video? Chi Bo said: "Black particles may be caused by sodium chloride destroying the paste system of lipstick, which changes the internal components. However, some merchants will not write all the ingredients in the ingredient list, and the composition of black particles is not easy to judge. "

　　Under the warm sun in winter, the banks of the Danao River are clear and green, and the fish gulls gather together, showing a harmonious and agile natural scene of waterfowl, which is a vivid portrayal of the implementation of ecological priority and green development in Daya Bay Development Zone, Huizhou City.

　　In the past ten years, while anchoring the highland goal of the world-class green petrochemical industry to accelerate its growth, Daya Bay Development Zone has delivered a brilliant "answer sheet" for water control: the water quality of four rivers, namely Nanbianzao River, Yanqian River, Baigang River and Xiayong River, has been upgraded from inferior V to excellent III or above, and the black and odorous water bodies have been completely eliminated and "long-term cleaning" has been achieved. The water quality of the national and provincial test sites in the coastal waters has been maintained excellent.

　　Born from the sea and prospering towards the sea, Daya Bay Development Zone is drawing the ecological background with the pen of "water" and writing a new chapter of green rise.

　　Strengthen top-level design

　　Constantly improve the water ecological environment management system

　　Standing on the bank of the wetland beach near the mouth of the Danao River in Daya Bay, birds play in groups of three and five for food. From time to time, herons stretch their white posture, tread lightly on the water and spread their wings to fly.

　　"In recent years, after environmental improvement in Daya Bay Development Zone, the water quality of the Danao River in the territory has improved significantly, and the surrounding ecological environment has improved significantly. In recent years, more and more herons have come to stop here." Mr. Zhang, a veteran bird-watching enthusiast, said with delight that over the years, more and more rare heron species have appeared frequently, and Daya Bay Development Zone has gradually become a bird-watching resort. Nowadays, the mangrove urban wetland park in Daya Bay and the Bai Shou Bay beach at the mouth of the Tam ‘ao River have become the concentrated areas of bird activities.

　　The heron praised the ecological butterfly, reflecting the firm determination of Daya Bay Development Zone to strengthen the top-level design and continuously improve the water ecological environment management system.

　　Strengthen organizational leadership. In the process of pushing forward the tough battle of water pollution prevention and control, Daya Bay Development Zone has successively set up the headquarters of the tough battle of pollution prevention and control and the ecological environment protection committee, and the standing committee of the district party committee and the executive meeting of the district management committee regularly listened to reports on the pollution prevention and control work.

　　Strengthen planning guidance. By strictly observing the "three lines and one list" (red line of ecological protection, bottom line of environmental quality, online utilization of resources and negative list of environmental access) and introducing high-quality industrial projects, Daya Bay Development Zone can reduce environmental pollution from the source, free up more environmental capacity for the healthy and sustainable development of the region, and achieve a virtuous circle of "promoting the introduction through control and combining control with introduction".

　　Strengthen regional linkage. In order to get rid of the "hard bone" of cross-border river regulation, Daya Bay Development Zone actively cooperates with Shenzhen and Huiyang, Huizhou to carry out cross-border river regulation, and builds mechanisms for information channel exchange, monitoring data exchange and environmental law enforcement exchange, laying a solid foundation for breaking administrative regional restrictions and jointly implementing cross-border river basin regulation.

　　Strengthen problem orientation. Daya Bay Development Zone adheres to "two-wheel drive" (government governance, enterprise technological transformation), combines normal supervision with special rectification, highlights the comprehensive rectification of key areas, key fields and key industries, and issues and implements the Work Plan for Upgrading and Renovation of Key Water-related Enterprises in Daya Bay District. Sixteen key water-related enterprises in the whole region have completed upgrading and upgrading of sewage treatment facilities on the basis of meeting the discharge standards, and controlled 27 sewage treatment facilities of 24 enterprises in the whole region. Pay close attention to the rectification work of the central ecological environmental protection inspector, and the work is unprecedented.

　　Reduce pollution stock

　　Continuously improve the quality of water ecological environment

　　Clean and clear water flows out of the waterfall mouth, and flows into lush flowers and plants in a blink of an eye, and the flowing water gathers into a rippling lake … On the west side of Shugang Avenue in Daya Bay Development Zone, adhering to the construction concept of "building a sewage treatment plant and giving citizens a park back", Huizhou’s first fully buried sewage treatment plant was built here.

　　"After the municipal sewage in the jurisdiction is collected through the pipe network and enters the water purification plant, it goes through physical and biological treatment processes, and finally reaches the surface quasi-IV water standard before being discharged." Li Qizhuang, the person in charge of the third phase of the first water quality water purification plant in Daya Bay District (hereinafter referred to as "the third phase of the first plant"), said that compared with the traditional above-ground sewage treatment plant, the construction mode of the all-buried sewage treatment plant saves about 30% of land and increases the green area by over 50%. At present, the daily processing capacity of Phase III of No.1 Plant is 80,000 cubic meters, and the service population is about 200,000.

　　"The problem of water pollution is in the water, and the roots are on the shore. Water control still needs to start from the source." Liao Yuanguang, deputy director of Daya Bay Branch of Huizhou Ecological Environment Bureau, introduced that comprehensive, accurate and scientific pollution control was adhered to. Daya Bay Development Zone focused on the construction of sewage treatment facilities, the renovation of sewage outlets into rivers, and the elimination of black and odorous water bodies through measures such as source control, sewage interception and running water, and constantly set off a climax of water quality improvement and rectification.

　　Taking the management of rivers controlled by five countries and provinces as an example, since the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan", Daya Bay Development Zone has invested more than 3 billion yuan, with a cumulative new sewage treatment capacity of 309,000 tons/day and a new sewage pipe network of 239.2 kilometers. By the first half of 2022, the sewage treatment capacity of the whole region has reached 348,000 tons/day, and the effluent quality has reached the surface standard of quasi-V or above. A sewage pipe network of 364 kilometers has been built, and the sewage collection and treatment has continued to improve quality and efficiency.

　　Rural sewage treatment is also one of the key points. Daya Bay Development Zone regards rural domestic sewage treatment as a key task to promote rural revitalization, and takes the direction of promoting rural domestic sewage to enter the sewage treatment plant. For villages that have not been included in the municipal pipe network for the time being, rural domestic sewage treatment facilities will be built according to local conditions. "Up to now, 189 village groups in the whole district have all completed the treatment of rural domestic sewage." Yin Xiaoqin, the first-class sponsor of Daya Bay Branch of Huizhou Ecological Environment Bureau, introduced that 141 village groups’ domestic sewage was treated by urban sewage treatment plants, 35 village groups’ domestic sewage was treated by rural domestic sewage treatment facilities, and 13 village groups’ domestic sewage was treated by sewage resource utilization.

　　Improve the level of governance

　　Promote the transformation from water quality improvement to water ecology improvement.

　　Time is the most faithful recorder. In the past ten years, Daya Bay Development Zone has comprehensively protected drinking water sources, rectified national and provincial rivers and black and odorous water bodies, prevented pollution in coastal waters, and achieved a new leap in water environment quality:

　　The drinking water quality has reached the standard stably. The water quality compliance rate of Fengtian Reservoir, Longweishan Reservoir, Shitouhe Reservoir and Shehekeng Reservoir has remained 100% all the year round, and the water quality is stable and excellent. The water quality of the national and provincial rivers has been continuously improved, and the water quality of four provincial-controlled rivers (Nanbianzao River, Yanqian River, Baigang River and Xiayong River) has been improved from inferior grade V to above grade III; Black and odorous water bodies are neither black nor odorous. The two black and odorous water bodies, Xiangshui River and Mamiao River, have eliminated black odor in 2019 and achieved "initial results" through measures such as increasing sewage treatment capacity, improving rainwater and sewage pipe network system and water ecological restoration, and achieved "long-term cleaning" in 2020; The water quality in the coastal waters is excellent, and the water quality compliance rate of national and provincial test sites is 100%. The proportion of sea areas that meet the first and second water quality standards and the proportion of areas that meet the water quality standards of marine functional areas are all over 99%.

　　It is worth mentioning that, in view of the problem that the only national examination river (Dan ‘ao River) in its jurisdiction is affected by tides and the diffusion of pollutants is difficult, Daya Bay Development Zone invited the top domestic technical teams such as the National Academy of Environmental Sciences to build a hydrodynamic water quality model of Dan ‘ao River, accurately grasp the laws of hydrodynamic force and pollutant diffusion of Dan ‘ao River, identify the key factors that restrict the water quality of Tiger Claw section of Dan ‘ao River to reach the standard, and put forward targeted control measures, making a breakthrough.

　　During the "Fourteenth Five-Year Plan" period, on the basis of improving the water environment, water ecological environment protection should pay more attention to water ecological protection and restoration, pay attention to the harmony between people and water, and let the people have more sense of ecological environment acquisition and happiness.

　　"Since last year, Daya Bay Development Zone has taken the lead in carrying out water ecological investigation and monitoring in the whole city." Liao Yuanguang revealed that the bidding for the project was completed at the end of last year, and two water ecological surveys have been completed in the dry season and the wet season this year. "Daya Bay Development Zone will focus on promoting water quality improvement to water ecology improvement." Liao Yuanguang said.

　　On the evening of July 1,

　　In the cultural performances celebrating the centenary of the founding of the Communist Party of China (CPC),

　　Party flag in my heartDance clips of the program

　　Touched many people.

　　Everyone is talking about the rain on this "ruin"

　　It not only fits the occasion, but also sublimates the theme of the performance.

　　However, many people did not think of it.

　　This rain is actually not a beautiful setting.

　　It was a sudden downpour in the middle of the recording.

　　But the actors were not affected at all.

　　Persist in completing the performance

　　This scene in the performance is so burning!

　　Situational dance "party flag in My Heart"

　　Showing that under the leadership of the Communist Party of China,

　　The people of the whole country are United as one.

　　Great victory was achieved in fighting SARS and earthquake relief.

　　In the rescue and disaster relief footage,

　　The "ruins" on the background board were shrouded in wind and rain.

　　The stage of reality is also in the storm.

　　When you are confused and tired.

　　The flag of the Communist Party of China (CPC) stood up against the wind and rain.

　　They clenched their fists and shouted"Come on China"

　　Under the baptism of heavy rain

　　Show vigorous and tenacious spiritual will.

　　It’s really raining … …

　　Participants said that on the day of recording the program,

　　It began to rain not long after the performance.

　　Then it rained harder and harder.

　　But the actors on the stage didn’t stop performing

　　On the contrary, the mood is more exciting and full.

　　One of the leading dancers, Liu Zhiyuan, said.

　　"Dance that dance in the rainstorm.

　　I feel that the role is me and I am the role. "

　　Although it is "God’s will"

　　But this rain was unexpectedly highlighted.

　　What is to be expressed in the program

　　The people of China are facing difficulties.

　　The spirit of never giving up and moving forward firmly.

　　only not"a stroke of genius"

　　Netizen: Just the right rain!

　　This performance is "the right time, the right place and the right people"

　　Many netizens thought at first.

　　The rain scene in the program is a beautiful dance setting.

　　I can’t help feeling that it is "really raining"

　　"the right place at the right time" and "the pen of genius"

　　Everyone also praised this group of actors.

　　"The common memory of the nation, the weather.Blessing special effects

　　The actor’s persistent performance … …This stage is too fried! "

　　Some netizens also said that

　　This rain is "tears of relief for the martyrs"

　　"They must have seen it, right … …”

　　▌Source of this article: CCTV News (ID: CCTV News Center) Comprehensive Observer Network, Chutian Metropolis Daily News.

　　Producer Wang Xingdong

　　Editor-in-Chief Zhang Zhida

　　Editor: Xu Chenyang Xu Weichen

CCTV News:Wulanchabu, which has the reputation of "Potato Capital of China", is located in the yinshan mountains, with large temperature difference between day and night and abundant sunshine. It is a golden potato planting belt, and its output accounts for nearly half of that of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. In these two days, Chayou Houqi in Wulanchabu ushered in a bumper potato harvest.

Reporter Yuan Yi:Do you think the potatoes in my hand are different from what I usually see? Its skin is red, and its name is "Houqihong". There is Ulan Hada volcano in Chayouhouqi where we are located, and these potatoes grow at the foot of the volcano. These potatoes can be said to be "drinking" volcanic magma mineral water and "enjoying" the sufficient sunshine at 41 north latitude.

Reporter Yuan Yi:Potatoes taste really good. Now the potatoes here have entered the harvest period, and harvesting potatoes is also very knowledgeable. Potato skins are thin and easy to be scratched, so they are all sorted manually. The colors of these bags are different. Look, this big sister’s bag is white, and the potatoes in it are quite big.

Farmers:Generally, it is more than three or two.

Reporter Yuan Yi:Smaller potatoes like this will be put in yellow bags.

Reporter Yuan Yi:How much can I charge a day?

Farmers:More than 200 bags.

Reporter Yuan Yi:Collecting potatoes in this field depends on unity and cooperation, and the separation of all the way is another harvest scene. The potatoes planted in this nearly 700-mu field are mainly used for starch processing. This working combine harvester works from turning the soil, shaking the soil and bagging in one go. From a distance, this big guy seems a bit heavy, but from a shooting perspective on the machine, we can see that the potatoes are spinning rapidly on the conveyor belt, and its efficiency can reach 5 mu per hour.

Although the seed potato is small, it undertakes the heaviest task, and one can sell for 3 to 50 cents, because it determines the yield of potatoes.

In addition to deep cultivation of potatoes, extending the industrial chain can double the price of potatoes. Here are all products processed with potatoes, including potato chips and environmentally-friendly disposable lunch boxes. At present, the total value of the whole potato industry chain in Inner Mongolia is 13 billion yuan, so it can be said that "small potatoes" have become the "Jin Doudou" for farmers to increase their income and get rich.

Author: Night 1986

The rankings are in no order. After all, everyone has their own list. 1. The Book of Gone with the Times, written by Ji Cha, was originally written by Ji Cha when she returned to the harem. With the help of a blind fortune teller, the protagonist travels through troubled times and makes his own world. This book has been updated with 2.34 million words, and it is not finished yet.

Second, "If you cultivate immortality in the troubled times of Yaowu", the author Wen Chaogong, opened the book in 2023, and ended that year, with 3.54 million words in ten months. The protagonist can cross two worlds and be Nuo Nuo in the world of cultivating immortals. He can strike hard in the world of low martial arts and rely on the resources of the world of low martial arts to cultivate immortals in the world of cultivating immortals.

Third, "Dining Table of the Tang Dynasty", written by Yi and 2, is the theme of returning to the Tang Dynasty after Yi and 2 wrote "Brick of the Tang Dynasty". Compared with brick of the Tang Dynasty, the dining table of the Tang Dynasty has more sense of honor for the nation and the country. Everyone in the world, what’s going on in the world, is just a series of dishes on the table of Datang people. 3.86 million words have been updated, which is not finished.

Fourth, "The Traveler of the Spiritual Realm", the author bought Xiao Langjun, a supernatural urban sci-fi power stream, and sold the newspaper Xiao Lang, according to another masterpiece after "Da Feng Da Geng Ren", which won the first place in many lists on the first day of its release. The story is fascinating and I can’t stop. 4.1 million words have been updated, not finished.

5. "Deep Sea embers", the author Yuan Tong, the protagonist crossed a strange world and unexpectedly became ghost captain, constantly exploring the world. At the beginning, the readers were full of curiosity, and his ship was named Lost Hometown, which made us smile. 2.32 million words have been updated, which is not finished.

Six, "This game is too real", the author Morningstar LL, this is a behind-the-scenes black hand flow, the protagonist crossed the wasteland world and obtained a refuge system that can summon the fourth natural disaster player, so he became the manager of the game and fooled a number of players to work for themselves and successfully embarked on the peak of life. Let other players give him a super double 007 job. 6.63 million words have been updated, which is not finished.

Seven, "National Forensic Medicine", the author Zhiniao Village, this book is a stream of urban systems. The protagonist can improve the skills of forensic doctors by acquiring forensic systems and assisting in solving crimes. This book combines professionalism and interest, and the case description is true, which makes us feel immersive when reading. This book has been updated to 2.42 million words, and it is not finished.

Eight, "Red Heart Survey", the author’s feelings, this book has just come out and no one cares, feeling that it is going to save the street. Now it is in the top 5 of the monthly list. It is a novel that is a late bloomer and is also a Xianxia type. The physical book of this book has been sold on the whole network, with 7.64 million words updated and not finished.

Nine, "Beyond Time", the author Ergen, this is the sixth novel of Ergen, and it is still a consistent Xianxia. It incorporates the elements of eschatology and gangsters. The protagonist is decisive and intelligent, and is known as the protagonist who is most like Wang Lin in Ergen’s works. After experiencing a short trough, my ears returned to the top stream with this book. This book has been updated to 3.25 million words, and it is not finished.

Ten, "The Ring of Destiny", the author loves diving squid, the sequel to "The Mysterious World", has dominated many lists since its debut, and has won the title of golden keyboard in 2023, but there are many controversies, such as wanting to see the first story of the mysterious Lord, but it is not. Slow pace, etc. 4.1 million words have been updated, not finished.

I really admire the authors of these online novels. Their brains are open and they have all kinds of topics. Some of them are very real, but I didn’t expect it to be my own experience.

This article comes from what is worth buying website (www.smzdm.com).

Hello, Spring.

Spring is the preface, and everything is harmonious.

Copper beam in spring

Looking up is full of stars and flowers

Plum blossom, cherry blossom, begonia,

Acacia, rape flower … …

exactly

The fafa of the copper beam is all open

Let’s go out and embrace spring together ~

Beautiful plum blossoms in spring.

As soon as spring comes, the romantic flower viewing season will come! In a plum blossom base in Xilai Village, Nancheng Street, Tongliang, thousands of plum blossoms are in full bloom, and the pink and tender flowers are swaying in the wind. From a height, it looks like a pink ocean, warm and romantic.

Under the irradiation of the warm sun in spring, the petals are particularly gorgeous. The spring breeze blows, the flowers sway with the wind, and the petals fall with the wind, which is beautiful. The blooming plum blossoms also attract many tourists to punch in and enjoy the flowers and feel the pink romance that belongs to spring alone.

Walking through the forest, you can see the pink flowers connected into a whole piece when you look up. Everyone who comes to enjoy the flowers is looking forward to meeting the beautiful spring scenery hidden in each flower.

According to reports, the natural flowering period of Meirenmei has been open from top to bottom since the first flower in March. Due to different regions and climates, the flowering period can last from late March to mid-April.

Cherry blossoms are full of spring.

At present, with the temperature rising, 6,000 mu of cherry flowers in Shuangshan Town, Tongliang District are in full bloom, attracting tourists.

Looking around, patches of cherry flowers stretch from the foot of the mountain to the top of the mountain, clusters and clusters, densely covered with branches, like white snow, beautiful.

Visitors who come to enjoy the flowers stroll along the path among the flowers, breathe the fragrant fragrance and enjoy the beautiful scenery in spring.

It is understood that Shuangshan Town in Tongliang District is known as the hometown of cherries, and it is a well-known "hometown of small fruits". Among them, Jianxin Village is the core area of cherry planting, with more than 10 varieties such as white cherry, cinnabar cherry, Chinese red cherry and black pearl cherry, and the flower viewing period will last until the middle and late March.

Begonia blossoms at the right time.

In Xue ‘an Park in Tongliang City, begonia flowers are blooming in the warm spring sun, and hardworking bees are dancing on the petals, adding infinite interest to the brilliant spring.

In the park, some citizens who come to enjoy the flowers use mobile phones and some use professional cameras to record the intimate "encounter" with the flowers.

Acacia limited in spring

"The Little Yellow Flower of the Story" has been blooming brilliantly in Yuanxiang Avenue recently, and clusters of bright and cheerful acacia flowers have made spring bright and cheerful.

Clouds of small flower balls are fluffy and golden, like a warm little sun, wrapped in green leaves, pouring down the enthusiasm of spring.

Beautiful agreement of rape flower

Little friends, you can see the "Rape Flower Sea" without going out of the city! Beside the Huaiyuanhe Community Sports and Cultural Park in Tongliang, a piece of rape blossoms are dazzling, like golden waves, and the waves roll together with the spring breeze, which makes people intoxicated.

Bees are busy collecting honey among the flowers, which adds a bit of movement and vitality to this spring picture.

Never brushed the flowers in March with my own hands

How dare you say that you have appreciated the beauty of spring?

Little friends

Invite three or five friends

Have a romantic date with spring!

Original title: There are many kinds of flowers, and the recent copper beams contain a very high amount of "spring"!

Editor: Wang Guangjian Editor: Zheng Yalan Audit: Song Yan

Pineapple is a very common fruit food in life, which contains nutrients that can bring many benefits to health, and also has the function of losing weight. So what are the ways to lose weight? How delicious is it to use pineapple to lose weight? Using pineapple to lose weight also needs to master the method. Let’s learn more about how pineapple is delicious and can lose weight.

1. The slimming effect of pineapple.

Pineapple is sweet, slightly sour and flat in nature, and has the effects of promoting fluid production, quenching thirst, moistening intestines, relaxing bowels, promoting diuresis, reducing swelling, removing fat and losing weight. Studies have proved that pineapple has a good weight loss effect. Because pineapple contains pineapple enzyme, it can decompose protein and effectively hydrolyze fat, especially it can help protein digestion of meat, reducing the body’s absorption of fat. Pineapple is rich in cellulose, which can also effectively relieve constipation and is good for losing weight. Although pineapple has a good weight loss effect, its enzymes are easy to damage the oral cavity membrane. Pay special attention when eating pineapple. It is best to soak it in salt water before eating it. Besides, don’t eat too much at a time.

2, pineapple diet

1. Braised bitter gourd with pineapple

Ingredients: 1 bitter gourd, half pineapple, half carrot, 1 tsp sugar, a little salt.

Practice: Wash bitter gourd and slice it, cut pineapple meat into small pieces, and cut carrots into pieces; When the pot is hot, add a little oil, add bitter gourd slices and carrot slices and stir fry; Pour a spoonful of sugar and stir well; Pour a little water into the pot and stew for 1 minute; Pour in small pieces of pineapple and stir well; Cook for about half a minute and add a little salt.

2. pineapple rice

Ingredients: glutinous rice or rice, fresh pineapple, rock sugar, almond and raisin.

Practice: Soak the glutinous rice with clear water one day in advance, and pay attention to changing the water during this period to keep the glutinous rice fresh and clean; Cut off the top of fresh pineapple, carefully remove the pulp and juice inside with a spoon, and be careful not to dig it; Drain the glutinous rice, add appropriate amount of pulp and fruit juice, mix well, add 3-4 crystal sugar and appropriate amount of raisins, and add them to the previously dug pineapple; Put the pineapple in a steamer, put it in cold water, heat it in water, turn it to medium heat after the steamer is aerated, and steam it for about 30 minutes until the glutinous rice is completely cooked. Mix it up and down before eating, and sprinkle a proper amount of chopped almonds according to your own preferences to improve the taste.

3. pineapple hawthorn crystal jelly

Ingredients: 8 grams of hawthorn, pineapple, agar, 500 ml of cold water, and appropriate amount of sugar.

Practice: Dice pineapple, remove the core of hawthorn, and then soak in water to prevent oxidation; Boil 3.8 grams of agar in about 500 ml of cold water, add appropriate amount of sugar and keep stirring; Divide agar water into two halves, add diced pineapple into one half, heat it, and then pour it into a mold for cooling. After the hawthorn agar solution is mixed, it is neatly arranged in a container and poured into the solution. After the temperature of the soup drops, put it in the refrigerator to cool, and then pour it with sweet osmanthus.

4. pineapple apple juice

Ingredients: half a pineapple and five big apples, which is the amount of squeezing one liter of juice.

Practice: peel and slice the pineapple, soak it in salt water for 15 minutes and then rinse it off; Squeeze pineapple into juice with a juicer. Pour out the pineapple juice and clean the juicer, then juice the apples. Finally, mix apple juice and pineapple juice.

5. pineapple strawberry fruit tea

Ingredients: half a pineapple, several strawberries and a small bag of black tea.

Practice: peeled pineapple and diced, washed strawberry and cut in half; Put the diced pineapple and strawberry in the teapot; Add black tea bag, soak in boiling water for 10 minutes and enjoy. If the tea is not too hot, add some honey to taste better.

6.pineapple juice

Ingredients: 200ml pineapple juice, 100-150g strawberries, a fresh orange, half a lemon, one teaspoon of honey and four tablespoons of vanilla ice cream.

Practice: Take the container for ice treatment, pour pineapple juice into the frozen layer, and cool for 45 minutes. During the waiting time, peel the pineapple and cut it into pieces, clean the strawberry and cut it into pieces, put it in a blender, juice the orange and half a lemon, add honey and stir well. Add vanilla ice cream and stir briefly until all the mixture is uniform.

Warm reminder: don’t be afraid of trouble, eat too much raw pineapple directly. On the one hand, pineapple pulp is irritating, which is easy to reduce the taste and stimulate the oral mucosa; On the other hand, it is easy to produce bromelain, and people who are allergic to this protease will have itchy skin and other symptoms.

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Source: fingertip common sense

　　↑ Hoh Xil Tibetan antelope according to IC photo

　　Red Star Journalist Chen Yifan Du Yuquan

　　Editor-in-Chief Deng Guangguang Editor Peng Jiang

　　The much-watched wildlife protection law (the second draft of the revised draft) (hereinafter referred to as "the second draft of the draft") closed for comments on October 1. During the period, a total of 3,806 people put forward 12,057 suggestions for revision of the second draft.

　　Many experts said that in order to respond to the practical needs of wildlife protection, the second draft of the draft has been refined from the aspects of wildlife use, artificial breeding and heritage resource management, and the punishment for illegal acts has been increased. However, the classification management system of artificially bred wild animals in the second draft still needs to be studied, and the concept of wild animals still needs to be clarified.

　　▍The newly added classification and classification management system for artificially bred wild animals experts said that they should be alert to the theft of "whitewashing".

　　Since its promulgation in 1988, the Wildlife Protection Law has undergone four revisions.

　　On October 16, 2020, the 22nd meeting of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) conducted a preliminary review of the revised draft of the Wildlife Protection Law. In August, 2022, the revised draft of the Wildlife Protection Law was submitted to the 36th meeting of the 13th the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) for second instance.

　　Yang Heqing, spokesman of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) Law Commission, said that the second draft has made four major revisions: First, the measures for wildlife protection system have been refined. The second is to link up with the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC)’s regulations on the total fasting of wild animals, and increase the punishment for illegal acts. The third is to improve the prevention and control mechanism of wildlife damage. The fourth is to establish a classified management system for artificially bred wild animals.

　　Qin Peng, deputy dean of the Graduate School of Chongqing University and director of the Research Center for Ecological Rule of Law of Chongqing University, believes that "overall, the second draft of the draft has strengthened the thinking of risk management and control, and set many prohibitive regulations, hoping to provide effective support for wildlife supervision through full chain supervision."

　　According to People’s Daily Online, on August 30th, the 36th meeting of the 13th the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) reviewed the revised draft of the Wildlife Protection Law. Some members of the Standing Committee, departments, localities, experts and scholars, enterprises and the public suggested that the specific measures to prohibit and allow the breeding of wild animals should be clear, and it was suggested that differentiated management should be implemented according to the purpose and use of artificial breeding, reflecting the principle of classified and graded management. Therefore, on the basis of the first draft, the second draft of the draft also establishes a classified management system for artificially bred wild animals.

　　As stipulated in the second paragraph of Article 25 of the second draft, the artificial breeding of wildlife under special state protection shall be subject to a licensing system. Artificial breeding of wildlife under special state protection shall be approved by the wildlife protection departments of the people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government, and an artificial breeding license shall be obtained, except as otherwise provided by the State Council for the approval authorities.

　　The third paragraph of Article 25 also stipulates that artificial breeding of terrestrial wild animals with important ecological, scientific and social values (hereinafter referred to as "three-owned animals") shall be filed with the wildlife protection department of the people’s government at the county level.

　　Civet cats, bamboo rats, etc., which are well known to the public, all belong to "three animals". Compared with the first draft, it is stipulated that the artificial breeding of "three animals" should be approved by the wildlife protection department of the county-level people’s government and obtain the artificial breeding license. In the second draft, the artificial breeding of "three animals" was changed to the filing system, which caused concern.

　　The wildlife conservation organization "Let Migratory Birds Fly" issued a document pointing out that the new version of the draft list of "Three Animals" in National Forestry and Grassland Administration in 2021 includes nearly 1,800 species of animals. If the filing system is implemented, the legal cost of illegal breeding will be extremely low. In addition, there are also voices that not prohibiting the artificial breeding of wild animals will only make more people continue to hunt and breed wild animals for profit.

　　The domestication and reproduction of wild animals have long cycle, high cost and low success rate. In contrast, the huge profits that can be obtained by "washing white" stolen animals and then changing hands will be more attractive to related enterprises.

　　According to Xinhua News Agency, some breeding enterprises and zoos will try to cover up the origin of the illegally caught wild animals, and then use their own wild animal domestication and breeding licenses and wild animal management and utilization licenses to go through legal procedures under the guise of "self-breeding" and successfully "wash white".

　　Zhou Jinfeng, Secretary-General of China Biodiversity Conservation and Green Development Foundation (hereinafter referred to as "Green Development Association"), suggested that "the national principle does not advocate any form of commercial breeding of wild animals, strict control measures should be implemented in countries where commercial breeding of wild animals is necessary, and the species of wild animals should be gradually reduced" should be added to the second draft.

　　Zhou Jinfeng believes that it is necessary to optimize the wildlife protection management system and severely crack down on the behavior of "washing white" called artificial breeding for trading and eating; Reasonably learn from the experience of the ongoing reform of the pollutant discharge permit system, and establish and improve a unified national wildlife permit system as soon as possible; It is necessary to clarify the responsibilities and authorities of relevant departments at central and local levels, appropriately expand the authority of "wildlife protection authorities", increase the "management" function, and establish and improve relevant coordination principles and joint law enforcement mechanisms.

　　▍The revised draft responds to the parrot case. What is the concept of wild animals needs to be clarified.

　　Another major revision of the second draft is to respond to the previous "parrot case".

　　In 2017, Shenzhen man Wang Peng was sentenced to five years in prison for "illegally selling precious and endangered wild animals and their products" for buying and selling artificially bred parrots. The act of "buying and selling artificially domesticated and bred parrots" is included in the scope of the crime of illegally selling precious and endangered wild animals. In March 2018, the Shenzhen Intermediate People’s Court made a second-instance judgment, arguing that the original sentence was too heavy and sentenced Wang Peng to 2 years’ imprisonment. On May 16th of the same year, Wang Peng was released from prison. The case was a sensation, which triggered a heated discussion among legal scholars and the public.

　　Many voices think that it is unreasonable for the judgment to equate artificially bred individuals with wild populations. In addition, some media combed and found that in 21 cases from 2015 to 2017, 32 people were convicted of violating the Criminal Law for buying and selling parrots, and were sentenced to sentences ranging from suspended sentences to 11 years.

　　In the past five years, "parrot cases" have occurred from time to time. Red Star News previously reported that at the end of April 2018, the owner of an aquarium shop in Jiangxi bought 8 parrots and 4 myna from a flower and bird shop, and was later sentenced to 2 years in prison for illegally purchasing and selling endangered wild animals.

　　On August 26th, 2022, Yang Heqing, spokesman of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) Law Commission, said, "This is actually a question of how to better manage exotic species. The second review draft of this revised draft clearly manages the wild animals in the list of relevant international conventions in accordance with the relevant provisions of this law, instead of managing them according to the national key protected wild animals before the amendment. This is also a major adjustment made by this amendment. "

　　Qin Peng, vice president of the Graduate School of Chongqing University and director of the Research Center for Ecological Rule of Law of Chongqing University, believes that the establishment of a hierarchical management system for artificially breeding wild animals is conducive to reducing the occurrence of "parrot cases".

　　Paragraph 1 of Article 37 of the second draft stipulates that the list of wild animals or their products whose trade is prohibited or restricted by international conventions to which People’s Republic of China (PRC) is a party shall be formulated, adjusted and published by the State Administration for Import and Export of Endangered Species. The wild animals listed in the first paragraph of this article shall be managed in accordance with the relevant provisions of this law with the approval of the competent department of wildlife protection in the State Council.

　　However, at present, the protection of wild animals is only aimed at the wild animals included in the List of National Key Protected Wild Animals, the Appendix of CITES, the List of Three Owns and the Lists of Local Key Protected Wild Animals (hereinafter referred to as the List).

　　Zhou Jinfeng believes that this management of the List will make other species outside the List not protected by national laws. "The protection of the List is ok, but this is only a part. Be sure to add that everything that should be protected outside the Catalogue must be protected, whether it is habitat or species. "

　　He suggested that the legal definition of "wild animals" should be clarified in the second draft, and the protection of wild animals should be changed from key protection to universal protection. "It is necessary to make a clear definition of wild animals, so that it is easy to distinguish between wild animals in natural environment and native environment and some differences between artificially domesticated and bred wild animals. With the legal definition, all our work, including some laws and regulations, will make corresponding institutional arrangements because of the legal definition. "

　　Take catching earthworms with electrical equipment as an example. According to Red Star News, wild earthworms have become scarce after years of catching.

　　On July 8, 2020, the Green Development Association filed a public interest lawsuit against three home appliance enterprises in Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province. The Green Hair Association believes that these businesses provide unspecified users with the opportunity to exterminate earthworms, which destroys the ecological balance of the soil in the earthworm habitat. Excessive hunting of earthworms will also bring irreversible damage to the ecological environment, and their actions have constituted environmental infringement. On August 12, 2021, the Intermediate People’s Court of Zhuhai City, Guangdong Province sentenced three enterprises to compensate for economic losses of about 1.59 million yuan and published an apology statement in the national media. Due to dissatisfaction with the first-instance judgment, three companies appealed to the Guangdong Provincial High Court. On February 17, 2022, the Guangdong Higher People’s Court upheld the original judgment in the second instance.

　　Zhou Jinfeng said that according to the current "Wildlife Protection Law", earthworms are not within the scope of protection. "But in reality, a large number of extinct capture of earthworms by motors did occur, and earthworms have a very important ecological role in soil safety."

　　He suggested that the Wildlife Protection Law should move from key protection to universal protection. "Our protection doesn’t mean that we only protect it and don’t use it at all, but how to regulate interests under the protection."

　　▍Improper release behavior is frequent, and specific measures need to be formulated for the release of wild animals.

　　In addition, the second draft of the draft also proposed that the competent department of wildlife protection be authorized to formulate specific measures for release.

　　Improper release behavior is one of the main ways of alien species invasion. According to Red Star News, the news that exotic species Crocodile Eel frequently appears in urban communities or parks has been widely concerned by the society. The reporter’s investigation found that alligator eels were sold as ornamental fish on the online platform, and the alligator eels that appeared in many lakes were probably the result of buyers’ free release.

　　China’s relevant laws and regulations have clear legal provisions on improper release. When the Wildlife Protection Law was revised in 2016, the requirement of "harmlessness" was put forward. Any unit or individual who releases wild animals into the wild environment should choose local species suitable for wild survival in the released areas, and must not interfere with the normal life and production of local residents and avoid doing harm to the ecosystem. Anyone who releases wild animals at will, causing personal or property damage to others or endangering the ecosystem, shall bear legal responsibility according to law.

　　The 11th Amendment to the Criminal Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC), which came into effect on March 1st, 2021, added the criminal responsibility of "illegally introducing, releasing or discarding alien invasive species, if the circumstances are serious", and sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention, with or without a fine.

　　Regarding how to regulate improper release in practice, Qin Peng said that the division of relevant responsibilities is clearly stipulated in Article 7 of the second draft, and daily law enforcement can be carried out according to this Article and existing administrative practice. At the same time, the provisions also set a special responsibility for fines, and gave the special rule-making power to the wildlife protection department. "The subsequent system regulations will become more and more detailed, and the specific situation will wait for time to test."

　　In addition to managing the improper release behavior itself, Chen Juanli, director of northwest university of politics and law Animal Protection Law Research Center, also wrote an article suggesting that supervision should be strengthened from its related pre-and follow-up links. Including setting clear prohibitive clauses for both parties to e-commerce platform transactions and setting certain regulatory responsibilities for e-commerce platform operators. Strengthen the licensing system for the introduction of alien species and the entry quarantine system to curb it from the source.

　　Qin Peng told the Red Star journalist that, on the whole, the second draft of the draft has comprehensively responded to the actual needs of wildlife protection, and its framework structure and specific content are relatively complete. "At the same time, in order to optimize the quality of the second draft, I think we can refine the provisions on compensation for wildlife damage, and we can also promote the insurance pilot work of compensation for wildlife damage through incentives."

　　―END―

　　The medical staff are working. Xinhua news agency

　　Production of antiviral drugs. Xinhua news agency

　　editorial comment/note

　　How did the virus originate? What are scientists doing in developing drugs against Covid-19? It is the top priority for Chinese researchers to develop effective clinical drugs for Covid-19, improve the cure rate and reduce the mortality rate. On February 15th, Zhang Xinmin, director of the Biological Center of the Ministry of Science and Technology, introduced that the drug screening and treatment program had made positive progress at the press conference held by the the State Council Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism on the latest progress of drug research and development and scientific research in Covid-19. The Ministry of Science and Technology organized a national excellent scientific research team to screen more than 70,000 drugs or compounds by computer simulation screening and in vitro enzyme activity test. At present, The scientific research team has focused on a few drugs, and a number of drugs, such as chloroquine phosphate, lundixivir, and farpiravir, have successively carried out clinical trials. At present, some drugs have initially shown good clinical efficacy. This issue focuses on the origin of the virus, drug research and development, and psychological anti-epidemic.

　

　　The structure of most viruses is very simple. Basically, it is a shell made of protein wrapped with some genetic material, which is no different from dead things at ordinary times. Once infected cells, they inject their own genes into the host cells and use the host cells to replicate themselves to produce new viruses. Is the virus a living thing? Where did they come from? Below, let’s take a look at three hypotheses about the origin of the virus.

　　Hypothesis 1 Ancient macromolecules Some macromolecules, such as RNA, DNA and protein, begin to replicate themselves independently or cooperatively, and this stage can be called "molecular life". However, in a peaceful molecular life, there is a different kind, that is, some molecular life, including LUCA, the latest common ancestor of all living things, which has developed a structure that has changed the law of life, that is, cells. Cells with membrane structure can better protect delicate core macromolecules such as RNA and protein, which greatly enhances the adaptability of these organisms, which means that they will rub their original molecular life on the ground. There is a hypothesis (The Virus-First Hypothesis) that the virus is the "adherents" of the primitive molecular life world. This hypothesis was once very popular, after all, the structure of viruses is so simple, even crude, and their differences from cell life are so great.

　　Some viruses can form crystals after purification, which is unimaginable for cell biology. More solid evidence comes from "Virusoid", which is an RNA molecule. Pseudovirus can’t infect cells directly, but it can infect viruses. To be exact, it can copy itself and spread itself by hitchhiking when some viruses infect cells, which can cause some diseases such as human hepatitis D.

　　Hypothesis 2 The gene of "defection" Genes can also defect? Yes, in The Progressive Hypothesis, genes will do anything to keep themselves alive.

　　There is a small circular DNA called "plasmid" widely in bacteria. These genes are basically a group of wage earners and temporary workers. Bacteria can absorb them from the environment for their own use at any time, and they can also drive them away at any time.

　　In many bacteria, in addition to their original DNA, there are often some small fragments of circular DNA, which are called plasmids. So in the long evolution, some plasmids learned one thing: we should not work all our lives! These plasmids changed from wage earners to wage earners, which in turn hijacked their bacterial boss and took away all the nutrients of bacteria to replicate themselves. Over time, some plasmids become viruses.

　　Bacteria often suffer from a kind of virus infection called "phage". Some people think that phage comes from plasmid. The cells and bacteria of human beings and all animals and plants are very different. We all belong to "eukaryotes". There are no plasmids like bacteria in the cells, but there are still some genes waiting to move. They refused to stay on the chromosome, but jumped around in the nucleus, running to this chromosome for a while and running to that chromosome for a while. However, these naughty genes do have a name of sage like type — — Transposon (transposon)

　　According to the detection of molecular biology, many transposons have very similar gene sequences to viruses, and the mechanism of integrating themselves into the chromosomes of host cells is also highly similar. In particular, the "Retrotransposon" among them is almost as similar as some viruses, and the only difference is that these transposons cannot migrate from cell to cell like viruses.

　　However, the origin of viruses is still confusing here, because they don’t follow the evolutionary model of general organisms at all.

　　The general process of virus infection is: inject your own genes into the host cells, then use the host cells to copy your own genes, and make all kinds of materials needed to construct virus particles. Finally, manipulate the cells to package all parts of virus particles together with the virus genes into new virus particles and release them to infect other cells. But in this process, the virus is exchanging genes with various organisms all the time.

　　For example, when a virus directs a host cell to package virus particles, it sometimes packages some host cell DNA, or accidentally leaves a little bit of its own gene in the host cell. There is a gene in mammals to prevent the maternal immune system from attacking the fetus, that is, a virus accidentally landed in our cells more than 100 million years ago. When the virus spreads across species, it often leads to the transfer of genes from one species to another.

　　Hypothesis 3 Decaying cellular organisms. After entering the 21st century, a series of discoveries began to make scientists more aware that there are other possibilities for the origin of the virus.

　　In 2003, scientists discovered a very unreasonable virus — — "Mimivirus", the size of this virus has reached 0.4 to 0.5 microns, which is almost the same as bacteria under the microscope. The coronavirus that caused this epidemic is considered to be a relatively large type of virus, and its size is less than 0.1 micron.

　　In 2008, scientists discovered the second big virus, and named it "Mamavirus". Since then, one kind of "Giant Virus" has appeared in human vision one after another. By the time Pandoravirus was discovered in 2013, the record of the largest virus was even more than 1 micron.

　　Pandora virus, the largest known virus, looks almost the same as a bacterium.

　　Since then, the boundaries between viruses and some single-celled organisms have become blurred. For example, the structure and genes of Bacteroides virus are very similar to those of a single-celled organism called archaea. The only difference is that Bacteroides virus has lost a part of the key genes that independently complete cell division, so it has to parasitize in the cells of other organisms and use the cells of the host to grow and reproduce.

　　So there is the third hypothesis of the origin of the virus (The Regressive Hypothesis), which holds that the virus is essentially a degenerate creature. Some single-celled organisms gradually degenerate most of their cell structures in the long-term parasitic life, and finally become this "living dead" general appearance, and the flow like bacteroides virus is an archaea that has just begun to degenerate.

　　Why do deadly viruses always come from wild animals? Let’s analyze it from the perspective of evolution.

　　The "best" virus does not cause too serious symptoms (otherwise it will kill the host itself), but it should not be too gentle (after all, the host is often infected with other viruses at the same time, so it is still necessary to grab resources). Therefore, in the long evolution, this game will promote the virus to finally reach a certain tacit understanding with the host. For example, human beings and rhinoviruses that may cause the common cold belong to this relationship.

　　However, the virus will mutate, and some mutations will cause the host of the virus to change. Without the tacit understanding of long-term running-in between the virus and the new host, there will be the problem of "not paying attention to it", and some of them will bring fatal diseases to the host.

　　In the long-term evolution, human beings have reached a perfect tacit understanding with the viruses that accompanied them all the way from ancient ancestors, and the viruses from livestock, such as measles and flu, are not perfect, but they are somewhat tacit, so they rarely cause serious epidemics. Only the virus from wild animals has nothing to do with human beings, so almost all the diseases that caused the great plague came from wild animals. Therefore, I hope everyone can stay away from wild animals, including stray animals, and don’t raise or eat wild animals.

　　(Author: Tang Cheng Author: Center for Excellence and Innovation of Brain Science and Intelligent Technology, China Academy of Sciences)